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BIOS- 251 FINAL EXAM TEST BANK QUESTIONS &
CORRECT ANSWERS
Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of
chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Mitosis
The resting phase of mitosis. Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for
division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Interphase
Cells that have left the cycle and cease dividing for a long time (or permanently) - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> G Zero (G0) Phase
The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before
DNA synthesis begins. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> G1 Phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> S Phase
The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
Growth and preparation for mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> G2 Phase
First and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the
centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Prophase
Second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Metaphase
The third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward
opposite poles - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Anaphase
The final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or
chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Telophase
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cytokinesis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells (gametes) in sexually reproducing organisms -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Meiosis
Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Mitosis produces
two diploid (2n) somatic cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, whereas meiosis produces four haploid (n) gametes that are genetically unique from each other and the original parent (germ) cell.
Number of Chromosomes in Humans... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 46
Haploid Number of Chromosomes In Humans - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 23
A structure in cells containing two centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop and
organized - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Centrosome
Point of growth for cilium or flagellum - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Basal Body
Cell component responsible for energy production; powerhouse of the cell - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Mitochondria
Organelle responsible for protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Ribosomes
Network of protein filaments that aid in intracellular support, cell movement, and moves
organelles. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cytoskeleton
The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
Composed of plasma (cell membrane), cytoplasm, cytosol, nucleus, and cytoskeleton -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cells
Clear gel within the cell sometimes referred to as intracellular fluid (ICF) - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Cytosol
All the fluid and components between the nucleus and the cell membrane; includes the cytosol
as well as the cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cytoplasm
Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also
provides protection for cells. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside. Contains Transmembrane proteins, Peripheral proteins, Cholesterol, and sugar (glycolipids and
glycoproteins) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Phospholipid Bilayer
Integral proteins in the cell membrane, that extends all the way through the membrane
touching both the ICF and ECF - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Transmembrane Proteins
The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages
loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Peripheral Protein
Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cholesterol
Does not use ATP as an energy source, occurs from high to low concentration.
Includes: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Passive Transport
Moves along concentration gradient, from higher to lower concentration - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Simple Diffusion
The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the
aid of carrier proteins - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Facilitated Diffusion
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material (Uses ATP) - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Exocytosis
A type of endocytosis that means "cell drinking", brings fluids into cell - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Pynocytosis
Gel-like fluid within cells; also known as cytosol - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Intracellular Fluid
(ICF)
Fluid outside cells; sometimes called tissue fluid, and includes plasma - CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct -^ CORRECT ANSWER^ >>> Exocrine
Glands Glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body. Found in the dermis; sometimes
hypodermis. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Eccrine Glands or Merocrine Glands
Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor
when come in contact with bacteria on the skin - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Apocrine Glands
Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood.
For example: thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Endocrine
Glands
Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells.
For example: oil glands of scalp and skin, and glands of eyelids -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Holocrine Glands
Sheets of tightly packed cells that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Epithelial Tissue
- Single layer of flattened cells
- Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
- Secretes serous fluid
- Locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Single layer of square or round cells
- Responsible for Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
- Locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Single row of tall, narrow cells
- Oval nuclei in basal half of cell
- Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells
- Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
- Locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes - CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Found in the conjunctiva, pharynx, anus, and male urethra. - CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
- Allows for filling of urinary tract
- Locations: ureter and bladder - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Urothelium (Transitional)
A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Connective Tissue
- Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels
- Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and
blood vessels - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Areolar Connective Tissue
- Empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane•Energy storage, insulation, cushioning
- Subcutaneous fat and organ packing
- Brown fat of juveniles produces heat - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Adipose Connective Tissue
- Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers•Compressed fibroblast nuclei
- Elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations - Tendons attach muscles to bones and
ligaments hold bones together - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dense Regular Connective Tissue
- Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells
- Withstands unpredictable stresses
- Locations: deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Collagen Fiber
- The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells
- Composed of fibrous proteins and a clear gel called ground substance - CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Extracellular Matrix
What membrane reduces friction between organs?
E.g. parietal and visceral - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Serous Membranes
Membrane that lines the wall of a body cavity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Parietal
Membrane
The membrane covering each organ in a body cavity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Visceral
Membrane
The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cutaneous
Membrane
- The hypodermis
- Made of areolar connective and adipose tissue
- Connects the dermis to the muscle and stores fat - CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Subcutaneous Membrane
- Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist. -
Lines passages that open to the external environment (e.g., digestive tract) - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Mucous Membrane
The membrane lining a joint and that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Synovial Membrane
- Layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
- Composed of collagen, reticular proteins, glycoproteins, other protein-carbohydrate complexes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Basement Membrane
- Acts as a "gate" that allows communication between two cells; allowing ions and other molecules to pass between two cells
- Formed by ring-like connexons
- Found in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens and cornea - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Gap Junctions
Consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around water-filled
pore - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Connexons
- Forms nearly impermeable barrier
- Found in epithelial regions where tissue is required to be "sealed off" from extracellular fluid -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Tight Junctions
- Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
- Form very strong structural network, contributes to integrity of cytoskeleton of cell
- Resists twisting and stretching, provides strength and withstands mechanical stress. -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Desmosomes
- Uses integrins to connect cells to basal lamina
ANSWER >>> Myelin Sheath
A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is
exposed. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Node of Ranvier
Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin. -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Schwann Cells
Aerobic respiration takes place in presence of oxygen; whereas anaerobic respiration takes place in absence of oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are the end products of aerobic respiration,
while alcohol is the end product of anaerobic respiration. - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Compare and Contrast The Products of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration?
