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BIOS-251 FINAL EXAM TEST BANK QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS, Exams of Nursing

BIOS-251 FINAL EXAM TEST BANK QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS

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BIOS-251 FINAL EXAM TEST BANK QUESTIONS &
CORRECT ANSWERS
Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of
chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Mitosis
The resting phase of mitosis. Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for
division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Interphase
Cells that have left the cycle and cease dividing for a long time (or permanently) - CORRECT
ANSWER >>>G Zero (G0) Phase
The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before
DNA synthesis begins. - CORRECT ANSWER >>>G1 Phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. -
CORRECT ANSWER >>>S Phase
The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after
DNA synthesis occurs.
Growth and preparation for mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>>G2 Phase
First and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the
centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus - CORRECT
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BIOS- 251 FINAL EXAM TEST BANK QUESTIONS &

CORRECT ANSWERS

Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of

chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Mitosis

The resting phase of mitosis. Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for

division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Interphase

Cells that have left the cycle and cease dividing for a long time (or permanently) - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> G Zero (G0) Phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before

DNA synthesis begins. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> G1 Phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> S Phase

The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

Growth and preparation for mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> G2 Phase

First and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the

centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Prophase

Second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> Metaphase

The third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward

opposite poles - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Anaphase

The final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or

chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Telophase

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cytokinesis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells (gametes) in sexually reproducing organisms -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> Meiosis

Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Mitosis produces

two diploid (2n) somatic cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, whereas meiosis produces four haploid (n) gametes that are genetically unique from each other and the original parent (germ) cell.

Number of Chromosomes in Humans... - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 46

Haploid Number of Chromosomes In Humans - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 23

A structure in cells containing two centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop and

organized - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Centrosome

Point of growth for cilium or flagellum - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Basal Body

Cell component responsible for energy production; powerhouse of the cell - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Mitochondria

Organelle responsible for protein synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Ribosomes

Network of protein filaments that aid in intracellular support, cell movement, and moves

organelles. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cytoskeleton

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.

Composed of plasma (cell membrane), cytoplasm, cytosol, nucleus, and cytoskeleton -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cells

Clear gel within the cell sometimes referred to as intracellular fluid (ICF) - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Cytosol

All the fluid and components between the nucleus and the cell membrane; includes the cytosol

as well as the cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cytoplasm

Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also

provides protection for cells. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside. Contains Transmembrane proteins, Peripheral proteins, Cholesterol, and sugar (glycolipids and

glycoproteins) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Phospholipid Bilayer

Integral proteins in the cell membrane, that extends all the way through the membrane

touching both the ICF and ECF - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Transmembrane Proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages

loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Peripheral Protein

Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cholesterol

Does not use ATP as an energy source, occurs from high to low concentration.

Includes: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. -^ CORRECT ANSWER

>>> Passive Transport

Moves along concentration gradient, from higher to lower concentration - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Simple Diffusion

The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the

aid of carrier proteins - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Facilitated Diffusion

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material (Uses ATP) - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Exocytosis

A type of endocytosis that means "cell drinking", brings fluids into cell - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Pynocytosis

Gel-like fluid within cells; also known as cytosol - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Intracellular Fluid

(ICF)

Fluid outside cells; sometimes called tissue fluid, and includes plasma - CORRECT ANSWER

>>> Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct -^ CORRECT ANSWER^ >>> Exocrine

Glands Glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body. Found in the dermis; sometimes

hypodermis. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Eccrine Glands or Merocrine Glands

Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor

when come in contact with bacteria on the skin - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Apocrine Glands

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood.

For example: thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Endocrine

Glands

Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells.

For example: oil glands of scalp and skin, and glands of eyelids -^ CORRECT ANSWER

>>> Holocrine Glands

Sheets of tightly packed cells that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> Epithelial Tissue

  • Single layer of flattened cells
  • Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
  • Secretes serous fluid
  • Locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Simple Squamous Epithelium
  • Single layer of square or round cells
  • Responsible for Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
  • Locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

  • Single row of tall, narrow cells
  • Oval nuclei in basal half of cell
  • Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells
  • Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
  • Locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes - CORRECT ANSWER

>>> Simple Columnar Epithelium

  • Found in the conjunctiva, pharynx, anus, and male urethra. - CORRECT ANSWER

>>> Stratified Columnar Epithelium

  • Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
  • Allows for filling of urinary tract
  • Locations: ureter and bladder - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Urothelium (Transitional)

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Connective Tissue

  • Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels
  • Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and

blood vessels - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Areolar Connective Tissue

  • Empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane•Energy storage, insulation, cushioning
  • Subcutaneous fat and organ packing
  • Brown fat of juveniles produces heat - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Adipose Connective Tissue
  • Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers•Compressed fibroblast nuclei
  • Elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations - Tendons attach muscles to bones and

ligaments hold bones together - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dense Regular Connective Tissue

  • Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells
  • Withstands unpredictable stresses
  • Locations: deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength -^ CORRECT ANSWER

>>> Collagen Fiber

  • The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells
  • Composed of fibrous proteins and a clear gel called ground substance - CORRECT ANSWER

>>> Extracellular Matrix

What membrane reduces friction between organs?

E.g. parietal and visceral - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Serous Membranes

Membrane that lines the wall of a body cavity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Parietal

Membrane

The membrane covering each organ in a body cavity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Visceral

Membrane

The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cutaneous

Membrane

  • The hypodermis
  • Made of areolar connective and adipose tissue
  • Connects the dermis to the muscle and stores fat - CORRECT ANSWER

>>> Subcutaneous Membrane

  • Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist. -

Lines passages that open to the external environment (e.g., digestive tract) - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Mucous Membrane

The membrane lining a joint and that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space. - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Synovial Membrane

  • Layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
  • Composed of collagen, reticular proteins, glycoproteins, other protein-carbohydrate complexes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Basement Membrane
  • Acts as a "gate" that allows communication between two cells; allowing ions and other molecules to pass between two cells
  • Formed by ring-like connexons
  • Found in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens and cornea - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Gap Junctions

Consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around water-filled

pore - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Connexons

  • Forms nearly impermeable barrier
  • Found in epithelial regions where tissue is required to be "sealed off" from extracellular fluid -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> Tight Junctions

  • Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
  • Form very strong structural network, contributes to integrity of cytoskeleton of cell
  • Resists twisting and stretching, provides strength and withstands mechanical stress. -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> Desmosomes

  • Uses integrins to connect cells to basal lamina

ANSWER >>> Myelin Sheath

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is

exposed. - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Node of Ranvier

Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin. -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> Schwann Cells

Aerobic respiration takes place in presence of oxygen; whereas anaerobic respiration takes place in absence of oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are the end products of aerobic respiration,

while alcohol is the end product of anaerobic respiration. - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Compare and Contrast The Products of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration?