Download BIOS 251 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE GRADED A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
BIOS 251 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE GRADED A+
What 4 ways do you examine the body? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Inspection, Palpation,
Auscultation and Percussion
Medical Imaging - CORRECT ANSWER >>> methods of viewing the inside of the body
without surgery, i.e. radiology
Gross Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Study of structures that can be seen with the naked
eye
Histology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Histopathology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> microscopic examination of tissues for signs of
disease
Cytology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> study of structure and function of cells
Ultrastructure - CORRECT ANSWER >>> fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by
the electron microscope
Subdisciplines of Physiology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> neurophysiology, endocrinology,
pathophysiology
Neurophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> physiology of the nervous system
Endocrinology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> study of hormones
Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mechanisms of disease
Hippocrates - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Father of medicine
Scientific Fact - CORRECT ANSWER >>> information that can be independently verified
Law of Nature - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a generalization about the predictable ways in which
matter and energy behave
Theory - CORRECT ANSWER >>> explanatory statement or set of statements derived from
facts, laws and confirmed hypotheses
Bipedalism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the ability to walk upright on two legs
The Hierarchy of Complexity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Organ system-organs-tissues-
cellsorganelles-molecules-atoms
situs invertus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> heart is on the opposite side
- If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)
Negative Feedback - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a mechanism of response in which a
stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
Receptor - CORRECT ANSWER >>> structure that senses change in the body
Integrating (control) Center - CORRECT ANSWER >>> control center that processes the
sensory information, "makes a decision," and directs the response
Effector - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to
restore homeostasis
Positive Feedback - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is
repeated. Normal way of producing rapid changes. Can sometimes be dangerous. ex. childbirth
Gradient - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a difference in chemical concentration, charge,
temperature, or pressure between two points. Chemicals flow down concentration gradients. Charged particles flow down electrical gradients. Heat flows down thermal gradients.
CT Scan - CORRECT ANSWER >>> computed tomography scan
MRI - CORRECT ANSWER >>> magnetic resonance imaging
PET scan - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a visual display of brain activity that detects where a
radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
Sonography - CORRECT ANSWER >>> high frequency sound waves echo back from
internal organs
The relationship between function and structure - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Form creates
function, function predicts form
The primary function of red blood cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> To transport vital gases to
and from the body tissues. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs so that it can be exhaled out of the body.
How are red blood cells unlike other body cells? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> As they mature
they lose their nucleus and organelles, which allows room for more hemoglobin molecules which are oxygen binding proteins.
What do red blood cells display? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Viscoelasticity, they have the
ability to go back to their original shape if they become deformed due to stress. This allows them to be able to flow through narrow blood vessels.
Superior - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Structure that is toward the head of the body
How many body cavities are in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 4
Ventral/Dorsal - CORRECT ANSWER >>> front and back
Appendicular - CORRECT ANSWER >>> upper and lower limbs
Axial Region - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cephalic, Cervical (neck), Thoracic (chest), Abdominal
(belly), Pelvic (hip), Pubic (groin)
Appendicular Region - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Axillary (underarm), Brachial (upper arm),
Antecubital (front of elbow), Antebrachial (forearm), Carpal (wrist), Palmar (palm), Pollex (thumb), Digital/Phalangeal (fingers), Femoral (thigh), Patellar (anterior surface of the knee), Crural (leg), Pedal (foot)
Body Cavities - CORRECT ANSWER >>> spaces within the body that contain and protect
internal organs
The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into how many quadrants? - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> 4
4 Main Body Cavities - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Crainial (brain), Vertebral (spinal cord),
Thoracic (lungs), Abdominopelvic (all abdominal and pelvic organs)
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> diaphragm
throacic cavity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Has 2 pleural cavities each of which surrounds a
lung, each lung sits beside mediastinum. Contains: Heart, portions of trachea, esophagus. Also contains the pericardial cavity, which houses the heart.
Abdominopelvic cavity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Abdominal cavity, contains: stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver, superior region of cavity. Pelvic cavity, contains: urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum. Inferior region of cavity.
What are body cavities made of? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Lined by serous membranes, 2
layered tissue that is lubricated by a serum like fluid which covers the organs. They consist of a parietal layer (lines cavity) and visceral layer (covers organ) and fluid filled cavity between each layer.
4 abdominopelvic quadrants - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
9 abdominopelvic regions - CORRECT ANSWER >>> right hypochondriac, epigastric, left
hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
Right Upper Quadrant - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Liver, gallbladder, portion of stomach, right
kidney, portion of pancreas, right adrenal gland
Left Upper Quadrant - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, left
adrenal gland
Hypogastric Region - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Urinary bladder, Portions of the sigmoid colon,
small intestines, reproductive organs
Left Iliac Region - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Portions of the sigmoid colon, descending colon,
small intestines
What imaging techniques rely on body planes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Sonograms, PET
scans, CT scans, MRI scans
Transverse Plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> slice that is perpendicular to the long axis of the
body or structure. it runs horizontally, separating the body into superior and inferior
Frontal Plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Divides the body into front and back portions.
Sagital Plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Runs vertically; midsagital: down midline dividing
into left and right portions; parasagital: lateral to the midline of the body
Which plane section couldn't portray anterior and posterior simultaneously? - CORRECT
ANSWER >>> Frontal Plane
How many organ systems are in the human body? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 11
What are the 11 systems of the human body? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> (NICE DRUMS LR)
Nervous, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Muscular, Skeletal, Lymphatic, Reproductive
functions of integumentary system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> protection, sensation,
temperature regulation, vitamin d production, excretion through sweat
Major components of the Integumentary System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> skin, hair,
nails, sweat glands
Functions of the Skeletal System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> support, protection, movement,
storage of calcium , blood cell production
components of skeletal system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> bones, joints, ligaments
Functions of the Muscular System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> movement, posture, heat
production
components of lymphatic system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> lymph nodes, lymph nodules,
lymph vessels, thymus, spleen
Functions of the respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> gas exchange, olfaction, sound
production
Components of the respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> nasal cavity, pharynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs (bronchiole, alveoli)
Functions of the Urinary System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> eliminates waste, regulates blood
volume, blood pressure, blood composition and blood pH
Components of the Urinary System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra
Functions of the Digestive System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Breaks down food; absorbs
nutrients; eliminates wastes
Components of the Digestive System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Gastrointestinal tract (oral
cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus), Digestive accessory organs (Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
Functions of the male reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Produce sex hormones,
produce sex cells, maintain male sex characteristics
Components of the male reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> testis, epididymis,
vas deferens, scrotum, penis, urethra, male accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands)
Functions of the Female Reproductive System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> production of sex
hormones, sex cells, maintenance of female sex characteristics, nurture developing fetus
Components of the Female Reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Ovaries,
oviducts (uterine tubes, fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, breasts
What is the body's response to blood loss? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Positive feedback
The Law of Mass Balance - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the body's input should be equal to the
body's output
Regulated Variable - CORRECT ANSWER >>> variable that is sensed via sensors embedded in
system, variable that must be kept within a certain range
Controlled Variable - CORRECT ANSWER >>> non regulated, variable that the system cant
change, variable that doesn't have a corresponding sensor embedded in the system
What is biochemistry? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the study of the molecules that compose
living organisms
Element - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of
properties
Radioisotopes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> unstable isotopes that decay and give off
radiation
Ion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> charged particle with unequal number of protons and electrons
Ionization - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transfer of electrons from one atom to another Anion -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> particle with a net negative charge
Cation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> particle with a net positive charge
Electrolyte - CORRECT ANSWER >>> substances that ionize in water and form solutions
capable of conducting electric current
Electrolyte importance - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects,
electrical excitability of nerve and muscle
What can electrolyte imbalance lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> coma or cardiac arrest
Free Radicals - CORRECT ANSWER >>> short-lived particles with an unusual number of
electrons; produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, certain chemicals; trigger reactions that destroy molecules and can cause cancer, aging, death of heart tissue
Antioxidants - CORRECT ANSWER >>> chemicals that neutralize free radicals, SOD
(superoxide dismutase) is an antioxidant enzyme in the body; Selenium, Vitamin C and E and carotenoids are antioxidants obtained through diet
Molecule - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A particle made of two or more atoms bonded together
united by a chemical bond
Compound - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Molecule composed of two or more different elements
Molecular Formula - CORRECT ANSWER >>> identifies constituent elements and how many
atoms of each are present
Structural Formula - CORRECT ANSWER >>> identifies location of each atom
Isomer - CORRECT ANSWER >>> molecules with identical molecular formula but different
arrangement of atoms
How to find the molecular weight? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> sum of all the atomic weights of
its atoms
Chemical Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the attractive forces that hold atoms together
Types of Chemical Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der waals
forces,
Ionic Bond - CORRECT ANSWER >>> attraction of a cation to an anion, easily broken by water
Hydrophobic - CORRECT ANSWER >>> substances that don't dissolve in water; non polar
or neutral
Adhesion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> tendency of one substance to cling to another; water
adheres to large membranes reducing friction around organs
Cohesion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> tendency of like molecules to cling to one another
Chemical Reactivity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ability to participate in chemical reactions;
water ionizes into H+ and OH-
heat capacity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the number of heat units needed to raise the
temperature of a body by one degree.
Calorie - CORRECT ANSWER >>> base unit of heat
Solution - CORRECT ANSWER >>> consists of particles called the solute mixed with a more
abundant substance
Properties of Solutions - CORRECT ANSWER >>> under 1 nm, dont scatter light, will pass
through most membranes, wont separate on standing
Colloids - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mixtures of protein and water, can change from liquid to
gel between cells
Properties of Colloids - CORRECT ANSWER >>> particles range from 1-100nm in size, scatter
light and are usually cloudy, particles are too large to pass through semipermeable membrane and remain permanently mixed with the solvent when mixture stands
Properties of Suspension - CORRECT ANSWER >>> particles exceed 100nm, too large to
penetrate selectively permeable membranes, cloudy or opaque, seperates on standing
Emulsion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> suspension of one liquid in another
Acid - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Proton donor (releases H+ ions in water); less than 7
Base - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions or releases OH- ions); more
than 7
pH - CORRECT ANSWER >>> measure of acidity derived from the molarity of H+; 7 is neutral
How many more times is pH 4.0 than pH 5.0? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 10 times
Anabolism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> building up process; energy storing (endergonic)
synthesis reactions; requires energy input;
Catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> breaking down process of covalent bonds; energy
releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions; produces smaller molecules
Anabolism+Catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Metabolism
