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BIOS 251 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE GRADED A+, Exams of Nursing

BIOS 251 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE GRADED A+

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2024/2025

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BIOS 251 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE GRADED A+
What 4 ways do you examine the body? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Inspection, Palpation,
Auscultation and Percussion
Medical Imaging - CORRECT ANSWER >>>methods of viewing the inside of the body
without surgery, i.e. radiology
Gross Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Study of structures that can be seen with the naked
eye
Histology - CORRECT ANSWER >>>the study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Histopathology - CORRECT ANSWER >>>microscopic examination of tissues for signs of
disease
Cytology - CORRECT ANSWER >>>study of structure and function of cells
Ultrastructure - CORRECT ANSWER >>>fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by
the electron microscope
Subdisciplines of Physiology - CORRECT ANSWER >>>neurophysiology, endocrinology,
pathophysiology
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Download BIOS 251 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE GRADED A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

BIOS 251 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS LATEST

UPDATE GRADED A+

What 4 ways do you examine the body? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Inspection, Palpation,

Auscultation and Percussion

Medical Imaging - CORRECT ANSWER >>> methods of viewing the inside of the body

without surgery, i.e. radiology

Gross Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Study of structures that can be seen with the naked

eye

Histology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

Histopathology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> microscopic examination of tissues for signs of

disease

Cytology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> study of structure and function of cells

Ultrastructure - CORRECT ANSWER >>> fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by

the electron microscope

Subdisciplines of Physiology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> neurophysiology, endocrinology,

pathophysiology

Neurophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> physiology of the nervous system

Endocrinology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> study of hormones

Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mechanisms of disease

Hippocrates - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Father of medicine

Scientific Fact - CORRECT ANSWER >>> information that can be independently verified

Law of Nature - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a generalization about the predictable ways in which

matter and energy behave

Theory - CORRECT ANSWER >>> explanatory statement or set of statements derived from

facts, laws and confirmed hypotheses

Bipedalism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the ability to walk upright on two legs

The Hierarchy of Complexity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Organ system-organs-tissues-

cellsorganelles-molecules-atoms

situs invertus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> heart is on the opposite side

  • If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)

Negative Feedback - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a mechanism of response in which a

stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

Receptor - CORRECT ANSWER >>> structure that senses change in the body

Integrating (control) Center - CORRECT ANSWER >>> control center that processes the

sensory information, "makes a decision," and directs the response

Effector - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to

restore homeostasis

Positive Feedback - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is

repeated. Normal way of producing rapid changes. Can sometimes be dangerous. ex. childbirth

Gradient - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a difference in chemical concentration, charge,

temperature, or pressure between two points. Chemicals flow down concentration gradients. Charged particles flow down electrical gradients. Heat flows down thermal gradients.

CT Scan - CORRECT ANSWER >>> computed tomography scan

MRI - CORRECT ANSWER >>> magnetic resonance imaging

PET scan - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a visual display of brain activity that detects where a

radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

Sonography - CORRECT ANSWER >>> high frequency sound waves echo back from

internal organs

The relationship between function and structure - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Form creates

function, function predicts form

The primary function of red blood cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> To transport vital gases to

and from the body tissues. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs so that it can be exhaled out of the body.

How are red blood cells unlike other body cells? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> As they mature

they lose their nucleus and organelles, which allows room for more hemoglobin molecules which are oxygen binding proteins.

What do red blood cells display? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Viscoelasticity, they have the

ability to go back to their original shape if they become deformed due to stress. This allows them to be able to flow through narrow blood vessels.

Superior - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Structure that is toward the head of the body

How many body cavities are in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 4

Ventral/Dorsal - CORRECT ANSWER >>> front and back

Appendicular - CORRECT ANSWER >>> upper and lower limbs

Axial Region - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Cephalic, Cervical (neck), Thoracic (chest), Abdominal

(belly), Pelvic (hip), Pubic (groin)

Appendicular Region - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Axillary (underarm), Brachial (upper arm),

Antecubital (front of elbow), Antebrachial (forearm), Carpal (wrist), Palmar (palm), Pollex (thumb), Digital/Phalangeal (fingers), Femoral (thigh), Patellar (anterior surface of the knee), Crural (leg), Pedal (foot)

Body Cavities - CORRECT ANSWER >>> spaces within the body that contain and protect

internal organs

The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into how many quadrants? - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> 4

4 Main Body Cavities - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Crainial (brain), Vertebral (spinal cord),

Thoracic (lungs), Abdominopelvic (all abdominal and pelvic organs)

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? -^ CORRECT ANSWER

>>> diaphragm

throacic cavity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Has 2 pleural cavities each of which surrounds a

lung, each lung sits beside mediastinum. Contains: Heart, portions of trachea, esophagus. Also contains the pericardial cavity, which houses the heart.

Abdominopelvic cavity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Abdominal cavity, contains: stomach,

intestines, spleen, liver, superior region of cavity. Pelvic cavity, contains: urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum. Inferior region of cavity.

What are body cavities made of? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Lined by serous membranes, 2

layered tissue that is lubricated by a serum like fluid which covers the organs. They consist of a parietal layer (lines cavity) and visceral layer (covers organ) and fluid filled cavity between each layer.

4 abdominopelvic quadrants - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

9 abdominopelvic regions - CORRECT ANSWER >>> right hypochondriac, epigastric, left

hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

Right Upper Quadrant - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Liver, gallbladder, portion of stomach, right

kidney, portion of pancreas, right adrenal gland

Left Upper Quadrant - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, left

adrenal gland

Hypogastric Region - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Urinary bladder, Portions of the sigmoid colon,

small intestines, reproductive organs

Left Iliac Region - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Portions of the sigmoid colon, descending colon,

small intestines

What imaging techniques rely on body planes? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Sonograms, PET

scans, CT scans, MRI scans

Transverse Plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> slice that is perpendicular to the long axis of the

body or structure. it runs horizontally, separating the body into superior and inferior

Frontal Plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Divides the body into front and back portions.

Sagital Plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Runs vertically; midsagital: down midline dividing

into left and right portions; parasagital: lateral to the midline of the body

Which plane section couldn't portray anterior and posterior simultaneously? - CORRECT

ANSWER >>> Frontal Plane

How many organ systems are in the human body? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 11

What are the 11 systems of the human body? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> (NICE DRUMS LR)

Nervous, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Muscular, Skeletal, Lymphatic, Reproductive

functions of integumentary system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> protection, sensation,

temperature regulation, vitamin d production, excretion through sweat

Major components of the Integumentary System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> skin, hair,

nails, sweat glands

Functions of the Skeletal System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> support, protection, movement,

storage of calcium , blood cell production

components of skeletal system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> bones, joints, ligaments

Functions of the Muscular System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> movement, posture, heat

production

components of lymphatic system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> lymph nodes, lymph nodules,

lymph vessels, thymus, spleen

Functions of the respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> gas exchange, olfaction, sound

production

Components of the respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> nasal cavity, pharynx,

trachea, bronchi, lungs (bronchiole, alveoli)

Functions of the Urinary System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> eliminates waste, regulates blood

volume, blood pressure, blood composition and blood pH

Components of the Urinary System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> kidneys, ureters, urinary

bladder, urethra

Functions of the Digestive System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Breaks down food; absorbs

nutrients; eliminates wastes

Components of the Digestive System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Gastrointestinal tract (oral

cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus), Digestive accessory organs (Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

Functions of the male reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Produce sex hormones,

produce sex cells, maintain male sex characteristics

Components of the male reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> testis, epididymis,

vas deferens, scrotum, penis, urethra, male accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands)

Functions of the Female Reproductive System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> production of sex

hormones, sex cells, maintenance of female sex characteristics, nurture developing fetus

Components of the Female Reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Ovaries,

oviducts (uterine tubes, fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, breasts

What is the body's response to blood loss? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Positive feedback

The Law of Mass Balance - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the body's input should be equal to the

body's output

Regulated Variable - CORRECT ANSWER >>> variable that is sensed via sensors embedded in

system, variable that must be kept within a certain range

Controlled Variable - CORRECT ANSWER >>> non regulated, variable that the system cant

change, variable that doesn't have a corresponding sensor embedded in the system

What is biochemistry? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the study of the molecules that compose

living organisms

Element - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of

properties

Radioisotopes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> unstable isotopes that decay and give off

radiation

Ion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> charged particle with unequal number of protons and electrons

Ionization - CORRECT ANSWER >>> transfer of electrons from one atom to another Anion -

CORRECT ANSWER >>> particle with a net negative charge

Cation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> particle with a net positive charge

Electrolyte - CORRECT ANSWER >>> substances that ionize in water and form solutions

capable of conducting electric current

Electrolyte importance - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects,

electrical excitability of nerve and muscle

What can electrolyte imbalance lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> coma or cardiac arrest

Free Radicals - CORRECT ANSWER >>> short-lived particles with an unusual number of

electrons; produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, certain chemicals; trigger reactions that destroy molecules and can cause cancer, aging, death of heart tissue

Antioxidants - CORRECT ANSWER >>> chemicals that neutralize free radicals, SOD

(superoxide dismutase) is an antioxidant enzyme in the body; Selenium, Vitamin C and E and carotenoids are antioxidants obtained through diet

Molecule - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A particle made of two or more atoms bonded together

united by a chemical bond

Compound - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Molecule composed of two or more different elements

Molecular Formula - CORRECT ANSWER >>> identifies constituent elements and how many

atoms of each are present

Structural Formula - CORRECT ANSWER >>> identifies location of each atom

Isomer - CORRECT ANSWER >>> molecules with identical molecular formula but different

arrangement of atoms

How to find the molecular weight? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> sum of all the atomic weights of

its atoms

Chemical Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the attractive forces that hold atoms together

Types of Chemical Bonds - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der waals

forces,

Ionic Bond - CORRECT ANSWER >>> attraction of a cation to an anion, easily broken by water

Hydrophobic - CORRECT ANSWER >>> substances that don't dissolve in water; non polar

or neutral

Adhesion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> tendency of one substance to cling to another; water

adheres to large membranes reducing friction around organs

Cohesion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> tendency of like molecules to cling to one another

Chemical Reactivity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ability to participate in chemical reactions;

water ionizes into H+ and OH-

heat capacity - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the number of heat units needed to raise the

temperature of a body by one degree.

Calorie - CORRECT ANSWER >>> base unit of heat

Solution - CORRECT ANSWER >>> consists of particles called the solute mixed with a more

abundant substance

Properties of Solutions - CORRECT ANSWER >>> under 1 nm, dont scatter light, will pass

through most membranes, wont separate on standing

Colloids - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mixtures of protein and water, can change from liquid to

gel between cells

Properties of Colloids - CORRECT ANSWER >>> particles range from 1-100nm in size, scatter

light and are usually cloudy, particles are too large to pass through semipermeable membrane and remain permanently mixed with the solvent when mixture stands

Properties of Suspension - CORRECT ANSWER >>> particles exceed 100nm, too large to

penetrate selectively permeable membranes, cloudy or opaque, seperates on standing

Emulsion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> suspension of one liquid in another

Acid - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Proton donor (releases H+ ions in water); less than 7

Base - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions or releases OH- ions); more

than 7

pH - CORRECT ANSWER >>> measure of acidity derived from the molarity of H+; 7 is neutral

How many more times is pH 4.0 than pH 5.0? - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 10 times

Anabolism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> building up process; energy storing (endergonic)

synthesis reactions; requires energy input;

Catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> breaking down process of covalent bonds; energy

releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions; produces smaller molecules

Anabolism+Catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Metabolism