






Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
This comprehensive study guide covers essential biology concepts, providing definitions, explanations, and correct answers to key questions. It is a valuable resource for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of fundamental biological principles, including cell structure, dna replication, cellular respiration, and more. The guide is organized in a clear and concise manner, making it easy to navigate and find relevant information.
Typology: Exams
1 / 12
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Structure |of |an |amino |acid |- |correct |answer |-✔Amino |group, |carboxyl |group, |R |group
The |permeability |of |the |phospholipid |bilayer |is |determined |by? |- |correct |answer
|-✔The |number |of |saturated |fatty |acids, |integral |proteins |in |the |membrane, |and |temperature
Primary |protein |structure |- |correct |answer |-✔Sequence |chain |of |amino |acids
Secondary |protein |structure |- |correct |answer |-✔Sequence |of |amino |acids |are |linked |by |hydrogen |bonds
Tertiary |protein |structure |- |correct |answer |-✔Certain |attractions |are |present |between |alpha |helices |and |pleated |sheets
Quaternary |protein |structure |- |correct |answer |-✔Multiple |amino |acid |chains
Where |is |energy |in |ATP |stored? |- |correct |answer |-✔The |bond |between |the |second |and |third |phosphate
Allosteric |activation |- |correct |answer |-✔Active |site |becomes |available |to |the |substrates |when |a |regulatory |molecule |binds |to |a |different |site |on |the |enzyme.
Allosteric |deactivation |- |correct |answer |-✔The |active |site |becomes |unavailable |to |the |substrates |when |a |regulatory |molecule |binds |to |a |different |site |on |the |enzyme.
What |is |active |transport? |- |correct |answer |-✔Transport |that |uses |energy |via |phosphorylation(ex. |Na/K |pump)
OIL |RIG |- |correct |answer |-✔Oxidation |is |losing, |reduction |is |gaining
What |makes |a |molecule |polar? |- |correct |answer |-✔Uneven |charge
What |makes |a |molecule |hydrophobic |and |hydrophillic? |- |correct |answer |-
✔Oxygen |to |hydrogen |bonds |makes |a |molecule |hydrophillic |(likes |water)
DNA |Replication |- |correct |answer |-✔
A |and |G |are: |- |correct |answer |-✔Purines
T |and |C |and |U |are: |- |correct |answer |-✔Pyrimidines
What |is |the |role |of |NADH |and |FADH2 |in |cellular |respiration? |- |correct |answer |-
✔They |are |electron |carriers, |which |travel |down |the |electron |transport |chain |during |ETC
Meiosis |I |- |correct |answer |-✔
What |is |the |role |of |second |messengers |in |cell |communication? |- |correct |answer
|-✔They |are |small |and |produced |quickly |in |large |amounts. |Second |messengers |are |intracellular |signaling |molecules |released |by |the |cell |to |trigger |physiological |changes.
Neurotransmitters |use |___ |as |their |mechanism |for |action |- |correct |answer |-
✔Chemically |gated |ion |channels
Hormones |- |correct |answer |-✔Chemical |messages |that |use |signal |transduction |pathways |to |amplify |cellular |processes |so |that |small |amounts |of |ligand |can |create |a |large |response. |They |also |allow |cells |to |react |differently |to |the |same |chemical.
Mendel's |Principle |of |Segregation |- |correct |answer |-✔Alleles |separate |from |each |other |in |the |formation |of |gametes. |Half |the |gametes |carry |one |allele, |and |the |other |half |carry |the |other |allele.
Homologous |chromosomes |- |correct |answer |-✔
What |anatomical |structure |is |composed |of |two |or |more |tissues? |- |correct
|answer |-✔Organ
Benign |tumor |- |correct |answer |-✔A |benign |tumor |is |a |mass |of |cells |that |lacks |the |ability |to |invade |neighboring |tissue |or |metastasize. |These |characteristics |are |required |for |a |tumor |to |be |defined |as |cancerous |and |therefore |benign |tumors |are |non-cancerous.
Malignant |tumor |- |correct |answer |-✔A |tumor |that |invades |surrounding |tissues, |is |usually |capable |of |producing |metastases, |may |recur |after |attempted |removal, |and |is |likely |to |cause |death |unless |adequately |treated.
Human |blood |types |- |correct |answer |-✔All |humans |and |many |other |primates |can |be |typed |for |the |ABO |blood |group. |There |are |four |principal |types: |A, |B, |AB, |and |O. |There |are |two |antigens |and |two |antibodies |that |are |mostly |responsible |for |the |ABO |types. |Four |alleles |are |involved.
Skeletal |muscle |contraction: |Fast |vs. |slow |twitch |muscle |fibers |- |correct |answer
|-✔Fast |glycolytic |fibers |fatigue |rapidly, |while |slow |oxidative |fibers |are |highly |resistant |to |fatigue. |Muscles |that |need |to |be |active |continuously, |such |as |weight-supporting |postural |muscles, |contain |a |higher |percentage |of |fatigue- resistant |slow |oxidative |muscle |fibers.
When |the |atria |contract, |which |valves |will |open |and |which |will |close? |- |correct
|answer |-✔Atrial |systole. |The |aortic |valve |and |pulmonary |valve |remain |closed, |while |the |atrioventricular |mitral |and |tricuspid |valves |remain |open |because |the |pressure |gradient |between |the |atrium |and |ventricle |is |preserved |during |late |ventricular |diastole.
Insulin |action |- |correct |answer |-✔Glucose |enters |liver |cells |to |synthesize |glycogen |but |triglycerides |are |also |synthesized.
LH |and |FSH |released |from |- |correct |answer |-✔Pituitary |gland
Sex |hormones |are |made |in |- |correct |answer |-✔The |gonads
The |nephron |is |the |filtering |unit |of |the |kidney |- |correct |answer |-✔
Monohybrid |crosses |- |correct |answer |-✔
Hardy-weinberg |problem: |- |correct |answer |-✔p+q=
p2+2pq+q2=
p= |frequency |of |dominant |allele
q= |frequency |of |recessive |allele
p2= |frequency |of |AA
q2= |frequency |of |aa
2pq= |frequency |of |Aa
Fungi |- |correct |answer |-✔-heterotrophic
-unicellular |or |multicellular
-obtain |food |by |extending |hyphae |into |a |food |source |and |secreting |enzymes
-nutrients |flow |through |hyphae |as |a |result |of |mass |flow
-single |celled |eukaryotes |reproduce |using |mitotic |cell |division
-prokaryotes |= |binary |fission
Bryophytes |- |correct |answer |-✔Mosses, |liverworts, |hornworts. |Need |water |to |reproduce.
Vascular |tissue |- |correct |answer |-✔Not |all |plants |have |it. |When |present, |it's |found |in |roots, |stems, |and |leaves.
Xylem |- |correct |answer |-✔-moves |water
-consists |of |tracheids |and |vessel |elements
-hydrogen |bonding |between |water |molecules
Phloem |- |correct |answer |-✔-moves |glucose
-consists |of |sieve |tube |members
-food |pushed |from |source |to |sink
Stomata |- |correct |answer |-✔Control |rate |of |water |loss, |open |during |day |for |photosynthesis |and |close |at |night. |Surrounded |by |guard |cells.
Nitrogen |fixation |- |correct |answer |-✔Ultimately |results |in |the |conversion |of |inorganic |nitrogen |to |an |organic |form |that |the |plant |can |use |to |make |proteins
Auxin, |gibberellic |acid, |and |cytokinins |- |correct |answer |-✔Plant |hormones |that |are |required |for |the |elongation |of |both |stems |and |roots
What |is |alternation |of |generations? |- |correct |answer |-✔Sporophyte |and |gametophyte
Evolution |of |flowering |plants |- |correct |answer |-✔Earliest |plants |did |not |have |seeds |or |a |vascular |system. |They |did |not |have |true |leaves |or |true |roots.
Secondary |growth |- |correct |answer |-✔-width |(woody |growth)
Populations |have |traits |that |are: |- |correct |answer |-✔Heritable. |Some |improve |reproductive |success.
What |is |the |effect |of |mutation |in |evolution? |- |correct |answer |-✔A |change |in |an |organism's |DNA |can |cause |changes |in |all |aspects |of |its |life. |Mutations |are |essential |to |evolution; |they |are |the |raw |material |of |genetic |variation. |Without |mutation, |evolution |could |not |occur.
Developmental |homology |= |- |correct |answer |-✔embryonic |homology
Endosymbiotic |theory |- |correct |answer |-✔The |endosymbiotic |theory |describes |how |a |large |host |cell |and |ingested |bacteria |could |easily |become |dependent |on |one |another |for |survival, |resulting |in |a |permanent |relationship. |Over |millions |of |years |of |evolution, |mitochondria |and |chloroplasts |have |become |more |specialized |and |today |they |cannot |live |outside |the |cell.
Phylogenetic |tree |- |correct |answer |-✔
Sexual |selection |- |correct |answer |-✔
Individuals |do |not |pass |on |traits |that... |- |correct |answer |-✔Are |acquired |in |a |lifetime
Fixed |action |patterns |- |correct |answer |-✔The |term |fixed |action |pattern |(FAP), |or |modal |action |pattern, |is |sometimes |used |in |ethology |to |denote |an |instinctive
|behavioral |sequence |that |is |relatively |invariant |within |the |species |and |almost |inevitably |runs |to |completion.
Key |stimulus |- |correct |answer |-✔Certain |innate |behaviors |can |be |produced |in |all |individuals |of |the |same |species. |Usually, |these |behaviors |are |triggered |by |a |key |stimulus |(KS). |The |key |stimulus |triggers |an |innate |releasing |mechanism |(IRM), |a |sort |of |middleman, |which |produces |a |fixed |action |pattern |(FAP), |a |definite, |constant |response.
Gastrulation |- |correct |answer |-✔Endoderm, |Mesoderm, |Ectoderm
Animals |are |dominated |by |the... |- |correct |answer |-✔Diploid |stage
Amniotic |egg |allowed |animals |to |survive |in... |- |correct |answer |-✔A |dry |environment
What |are |the |simplest |animals? |- |correct |answer |-✔Basal |metazoans |(jellyfish, |coral, |hydra)
Animals |first |developed... |- |correct |answer |-✔Multicellularity, |tissues, |then |bilateral |symmetry
Reptiles |are... |- |correct |answer |-✔Ectotherms |(requires |less |energy)
Characteristics |of |vertebrates? |- |correct |answer |-✔Vertebrates |are |differentiated |by |having |a |vertebral |column. |As |chordates, |all |vertebrates |have