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Biology STAAR Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
How are viruses different from prokaryotes and eukaryotes? - ANSWER-Viruses are non-living, and require hosts to reproduce. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? - ANSWER-Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. What do prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses have in common? - ANSWER-Genetic material. What do plant cells have that animal cells don't? - ANSWER-Cell wall and chloroplasts. Why is bacterium different from plants and animal cells? - ANSWER-Bacterium are prokaryotic. What do plants and animals have in common? - ANSWER-Eukaryotes, membrane bound organelles, reproduce by mitosis, and ribosomes. What do prokaryotes an eukaryotes have in common? - ANSWER-genetic material. Yes or no, do prokaryotes have specialized membrane organelles? - ANSWER-No. In which of the 2 viral cycles causes the host cell to burst (lyse)? - ANSWER-Lytic cycle. Can you be treated with antibiotics for a viral infection? Why or why not? - ANSWER- You can't because antibiotics only treat bacterial infections. True or False, Vaccines are used to prevent viral infections? - ANSWER-True. Which viral reproduction cycle is more disruptive? Why? - ANSWER-Lysogenic cycle, because no symptoms are shown until the lytic cycle, when the cells burst. What are proteins monomers, polymers, and cellular structure? - ANSWER-Amino acids, Polypeptides, and Intermediate Filaments. What are nucleic acids monomers, polymers, and cellular structure? - ANSWER- Nucleotides, DNA/RNA, and Chromosomes.
What are carbohydrates monomers, polymers, and cellular structure? - ANSWER- Monosaccharides, Starches, and Starch grains in chloroplasts. What are lipids monomers, polymers, and cellular structure? - ANSWER-Fatty acids, Fat molecules, and Adipose cells. Why is the type of monomer present in each biomolecule important to determining the function of the polymer? - ANSWER-The monomer will determine the function of the polymer. How does the role of nucleic acids compare to the role of other biomolecules? - ANSWER-Nucleic acid is used for genetic information. Other biomolecules are used for some sort of energy. List the phases of the M phase in order. - ANSWER-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, cytokinesis. Is interphase a part of mitosis? Yes or no? - ANSWER-No. What is the growth phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER-G1. What has to take place before mitosis can occur? - ANSWER-DNA synthesis. (Replication.) Is the daughter cell genetically identical or different from the parent cell after mitosis? - ANSWER-Genetically identical. Convergent evolution? - ANSWER-The process where unrelated species become more and more similar in appearance as they adapt to the same type of environment. Coevolution evolution? - ANSWER-The process where two unrelated species become so dependent on each other that they cannot survive or reproduce successfully without each other. Adaptive radiation? - ANSWER-Rapid development from a single ancestral species to form many new species. Why is it important that an organ system interact with other organ systems? - ANSWER- In order to maintain homeostasis. What organ systems are interacting when eating? - ANSWER-Digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems. What organ systems are interacting when running? - ANSWER-Circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems.
In order for a plant to survive, why must its different systems interact? - ANSWER-It needs to know how to respond to its environment in order to survive? How is cancer the result of a disruption of the cell cycle? - ANSWER-Cells do not enter the G0 phase. (Resting phase.) How is the cell division process different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - ANSWER-Prokaryote - reproduce by binary fission. Eukaryote - reproduce by mitosis. What are the components of a DNA molecule? - ANSWER-5 C Sugar backbone, phosphate, and a nitrogen base. What are the four bases of DNA? - ANSWER-Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine. Where is DNA found? - ANSWER-In all living organisms. What is the shape of DNA? - ANSWER-A double helix. What holds DNA molecules together? - ANSWER-Weak hydrogen bonds. What does DNA stand for? - ANSWER-Deoxyribonucleic acid. Complementary DNA strand: ATG TAC GAG TAA - ANSWER-Coding RNA strand: TAC ATG CTC ATT Coding DNA strand: TAC ATG CTC ATT - ANSWER-mRNA strand: AUG UAC GAG UAA Which RNA is used to find the amino acid, and where does it take place? - ANSWER- tRNA, in the ribosome. Which RNA reads the DNA, and where does this happen? - ANSWER-mRNA, in the nucleus. If each parent cell has 46 chromosomes, then after meiosis how many chromosomes does each gamete have? - ANSWER-23, because you get half from each parent. Will the gametes be genetically identical, or genetically different from the parents? - ANSWER-Genetically different, due to crossing over in Prophase I.
How can natural selection affect the frequency of the occurrence of traits in a population over many generations? - ANSWER-Nature selects the best trait, therefore the frequency of traits, (alleles) change based on the environment. Divergent evolution? - ANSWER-The process where organisms within a species become very different and no longer interbreed. Each species continues to evolve and change over time. What are the system parts of the plant transport system? - ANSWER-Phloem and xylem. (Vascular system) How do these system parts interact in the leaves, stems, and roots of a plant to benefit the plant? - ANSWER-Responsible for the movement of water, minerals, and food to all parts of the plant. Explain how the reproductive, transport, and response systems interact to enable a plant to grow, thrive, and reproduce. - ANSWER-Reproduction sys. is responsible for the continuation of the plant. Transport sys. moves H2O and food. Response sys. responds to their surroundings. If plants do not have an immune system like that of humans, how do they respond to pathogens? - ANSWER-Hormones. Why are phloem and xylem bundled together? - ANSWER-Provides structural support for the plant. Humans grow to a certain height and then do not grow any taller. Do plants grow in the same way? How do plants get taller? - ANSWER-No, because plants grow towards the sun in order to make glucose. Male plant reproductive systems consists of? - ANSWER-Anther and filaments. Female plant reproductive system consist of? - ANSWER-Stigma, style, and ovaries. Place these in order from largest to smallest. (Levels of organization.) Stamen, Reproductive system, anther, flower, flowering plant, pollen. - ANSWER- Flowering plant, reproductive system, flower, stamen, anther, and pollen. A Venus Flytrap snaps closed around an insect due to what stimulus/response? - ANSWER-Touch/Thigmotropism. Explanation is that its moving away or towards touch. A corn seed germinates due to what stimulus/response? - ANSWER-Water/Hydrotropism. Explanation is that the root either moves towards the H2O (positive), or away from the H2O (negative).
