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A comprehensive overview of key concepts in biology, including cell structure, cell processes, human biology, and plant biology. It includes numerous questions and answers, making it a valuable resource for students preparing for their biology paper 1 exam. Topics such as cell structure, cell processes, human biology, and plant biology, providing a solid foundation for understanding these fundamental biological concepts.
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Eukaryo)c cell Cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles Prokaryo)c cells Gene)c material is not enclosed in a nucleus. They are much smaller An animal cell contains... Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes A plant cell contains... Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole Func)on of nucleus Enclose gene)c material Func)on of cytoplasm Liquid where chemical reac)ons occur Func)on of cell membrane
Control what enters and leaves the cell Func)on of mitochondria Where aerobic respira)on takes place Func)on of ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Func)on of chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis Func)on of cell wall Strengthen the cell; made of cellulose Func)on of vacuole Full of cell sap; keeps the plant cells shape Differen)a)on The process of a cell becoming specialised; having a specific func)on Sperm cells adapta)ons Half the gene)c material, long tail for swimming, lots of mitochondria for energy, contain egg-diges)ng enzymes Nerve cell adapta)ons Long axons carry impulses, myelin insulates and speeds up, synapse allow impulses to move, contains egg diges)ng enzymes Muscle cell adapta)ons Can contract, lots of mitochondria, wok together Root hair cell adapta)ons Large surface area to volume ra)o, no chloroplasts Xylem adapta)ons No end walls, made from dead lignin cells Phloem adata)ons Have a companion cell to provide energy
An undifferen)ated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can differen)ate to form other types of cells Stem cells loca)on They are found in plant meristems, embryos and in bone marrows Bone marrow transplant Treat pa)ents with leukaemia. The implanted stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Therapeu)c cloning A donor embryo is conceived to provide stem cells with the same genes for a pa)ent. Diffusion The spreading out of par)cles resul)ng in a net movement from an area with a high concentra)on to an area of low concentra)on Factors affec)ng the rate of diffusion โ concentra)on gradient โ diffusion โ temperature โ diffusion โ sa:v โ diffusion โ diffusion pathway โ diffusion Osmosis Diffusion of water from a dilute solu)on through a par)ally permeable membrane Ac)ve transport Moves substances from a more dilute solu)on to a more concentrated solu)on against the concentra)on gradient. Prac)cal: effects of osmosis
present = turn pink/purple not present = stay blue Prac)cal: lipid test
Aorta 12 distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circula)on. Vena cava 3 carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart San Controls the heart rate. Ar)ficial pacemaker can replace it. Arteries Carry high pressure blood from the heart to the organs of the body. Thick muscular wall and elas)c fibres. Capillaries
Allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the blood stream. Very thin walls. Veins Carry blood from organs back to the heart at low pressure. Thin walls and valves. Blood contains Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in plasma Red blood cells Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. Contain haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. No nucleus and biconcave shape so more room for oxygen and larger sa:v ra)o While blood cells Form part of the immune system. Platelets Tiny fragments of cells that help blood to clot Coronary heart disease The coronary arteries supply oxygen to he heart. They can easily be blocked with fat. Sta)ns Drugs which reduce cholesterol and prevent fat build up. They are effec)ve but cause liver problems Stent A tube which unblocks the fat. But it doesn't threat underlying issue. Replacement valves Can use animal or mechanical valves. With animal they need replacing but no drugs are needed. Opposite for mechanical. Breathing system
Open and close stomata to control gas exchange Meristem Undifferen)ated cells at the roots and shoots and the plants Transpira)on Evapora)on of water hoger = faster transpira)on dryer = faster transpira)on windy = faster transpira)on sunny = faster transpira)on Pathogens Microorganisms that cause infec)ous disease Pathogen reproduc)on Bacteria can reproduce but viruses need a host cell to reproduce. Pathogen spread Pathogens can be spread:
Caused by a virus and spread in droplets. Makes the immune system agack itself to cause damage. An)viral diseases can top reproduc)on but it is not a cure Salmonella Bacteria spread in unhygienic food. Toxins are releases and cause vomi)ng and diarrhoea. In uk chickens are vaccinated. Malaria Pro)st that uses mosquitos as a vector as it cant pass from person to person. Use insec)cide and mosquito nets to stop spread. Gonorrhoea Sexually transmiged disease that was previously treated with penicillin. Now an)bio)c resistant bacteria mean we have yo find alterna)ve treatment Pathogen barriers
C6h12o6 + 6o2 - > 6co2 + 6h2o