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An overview of neurons, their functions, and the communication between them through neurotransmission. It covers the three major types of neurons: sensory, motor, and regular neurons. the structure of neurons, including dendrites, cell body, axon, and terminal buttons. It also discusses the role of glial cells in supporting neurons and the process of neurotransmission, including the release of neurotransmitters and their impact on receiver neurons. Seven major neurotransmitters are introduced: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, endorphins, and glutamate.
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Lecture 4.1 Biology of behavior Evolutionary principles The problem of design Prior to Darwin, naturalists faced a number of difficult questions: •How to account for the diversity of species •How to explain the appearance of design among species
•Adaptations
Neurons and Glial Cells Neurons are supported by another type of cell called glial cells •Glial cells come in different varieties and perform many functions
How the action potential works •In its resting state, the axon is negatively charged, at about -70 millivolts. This happens because positively charged ions are kept outside the cell membrane. This state is called resting potential. •When neuron stimulation exceeds the threshold of about -55 millivolts, the action potential is triggered. Positively charged sodium ions enter the membrane, resulting in a positive charge of about +30 millivolts. This is called depolarization. •After depolarization, positive ions begin to move back outside the membrane during repolarization. Eventually, the axon returns to its resting state at -70mv. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
**- More than 100 neurotransmitters have been identified
Lecture 4.3: BIology of behavior Brain NERVOUS SYSTEM Two main divisions:
- Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord - Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - All nerves going to and from CNS - Somatic and Autonomic 2 subdivisions of PNS: •Somatic NS
•The cerebral cortex is the thin outer layer of the brain—from the Latin cortex, meaning “bark” •Most recently evolved structure of the brain •Many wrinkles and folds—more efficient use of space •Gray in color (“gray matter”): cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers •Four lobes : frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. CEREBRAL CORTEX: LATERALIZATION •There are two cerebral hemispheres: left and right
•Our brains don’t fully develop until the mid to late 20’s •The networks of neurons in the brain changes over the course of development in 4 primary ways
Lecture 4.4. Biology of behavior endocrine system y drugs Biological Foundations od Behavior The endocrine system •The endocrine system is a network of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream •Hormones are chemical signals that influence the functioning of specific body organs (“target organs”)