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Biology Notes Biology : The study of life and living things I. EEG : (Electroencephalogen) A. Electrical pattern in your brain. B. You are legally alive if your EEG is proper. C. You can get a heart transplant from people who are brain dead (No EEG). D. Congress has made it legal through the EEG rule. E. Negative inside, positive outside II. EMG : (Electromyogram) A. Electrical signal for muscle III. EKG/ECG (Electrocardiogram) A. Electro signal in the heart Theoretical science : Physicists mark the board with a clueless audience Empirical Science : Biology, Experimental Induction = Specific General statement I. Problem II. Observation A. Preliminary experiments III. Hypothesis A. General statement based on observations B. Is it true? C. Educated guess D. Induce the hypothesis IV. Reproducible Experiments A. To prove or disprove hypothesis V. Publish A. If successful experimentation, publish results in peer referred journal VI. Universal Reproducibility A. Everyone has to be able to reproduce those experiments VII. Theory A. Scientific Truth
Biology Notes I. Problem II. Observation III. Hypothesis (Induction #2,3) IV. Reproducible V. Publish VI. Universal Reproducibility VII. Theory (Predict Problems) Sloan Kettering I. NIH (National Institutes of Health) A. Bethesda, MD B. Rejection Animal care facilities I. Fossil Fuels A. Gas, Soil, Wood B. FossilCarbon MonoxideCO C. FuelCH4 Methane (Cows) Greenhouse gassesGlobal warming Alternate Energy Nuclear(Best) Harmful wastes(Radioactive wastesLethal Carcinogenic) NuclearFissionSplitations Wind, Water, Fuel cells (All inside) No harm for waste Radioactive isotopes C14: 5214 years Fusion (H20) H + H Helium (Lighter than air) 2 (Hydrogen) + (Energy) Temperature requirements are too high (Internet) Fleishenman + Pons - University of Utah Fusion @ Room temperature…. Kitchen sink experiments
Hindenberg Element Symbol Z#=Atomic# A#=Atomic Weight K (2) L( 8) M (8) Hydrogen H 1 1 1 Helium He 2 4 2 ** Sodium Na 11 23 2 8 1 Chlorine Cl 17 35 2 8 7 **7 atoms, which grab electrons to complete outer shells, are called electronegative Monovalent Cation Na loses 1 electron Na (Plasma) 110 Ion : Charged atom 1 proton = acid anode+battery(starter motor)cathode K (potassium) (5-8) Ca (calcium)Ca++, iron++, zinc ++, chromium ++, copper ++, magnesium++ Essential iron: carries oxygen for blood cells Mitosis = Cell division Cl grabs electrons Cl- (monovalent) Chlorine Chloride Chlorine” “Chloride Iodine” “ I (Iodine) For thyroid gland to make thyroxine Fluorine” “F-Fluride (hormone which controls Basal Metabolic (Ca++) + (2 Cl-) (Ca++) (Cl2) Rate) (Na+) + (Cl-) =Ionic Bond=attractions of ions (Na+ Cl-) (Ionic Compound)
K+C- K+C-
Element Symbol Z A K(2) L(8) Nitrogen N 7 14 2 5 (Electronegative does not share electrons equally) Ammonia Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons to complete outer shells A) Polar: electrons not shared equally Oxygen O 8 16 2 6 Intramolecular charge distribution 58 CyH10 = Butane (Gas) C3H8 = Propane (Gas) 16 CHy = Methane (Gas) 30 C2H6 = = Ethane (Gas) In relation to molecules of comparable molecular weight
- High boiling point 100 degrees C)
- High melting point (freezing) 0 degrees C
- High specific heat water retains heat
- High heat of vaporization: when water evaporates it cools remaining water. Sweating is a cooling process
- High heat of fusion: when water freezes it gives off heat (Responsible for lake effect snows!)
- Surface tension or cohesion Roots: Hyper (Po to Per)
- Water is most dense @ 4 degrees C Hydrogen bonds are stable (Ice) Hydrogen bonds break and form (Liquid Water)
- Solvation properties (Intromoleculer) Colligative properties of water I) If I dissolve a molecule a ion in water a) Raise boiling point b) Lower freezing point (salt on walkway) c) Creates an osmotic pressure Acidosis : When your body breaks down
b) Non Polar
- Electrons are shared equally
- No intramolecular CHy=Methane C2H6=Ethane 6 atoms which form covalent bonds in living systems:
- Carbon= -C-C-C-C bond with C
- Oxygen=O
- Hydrogen=H
- Nitrogen=N
- Phosphorus=P
- Sulfer=S “Organic Molecules” Carbohydrates-Sugars-Saccharides a) Function-I energy II “self” – carbohydrates found on outside of cell membranes. In the form of glycolipids+glycoproteins Sugar I) Mono a) glucose, fructose, galactose b) C6 H12 O II) Di a) lactose, maltose, sucrose b) C12 H22 O Mono: Triose-3 carbons Tetrose- 4 carbons Pentose- 5 carbons = Ribose(RNA)Deoxyribose (DNA) Hexose-6 carbons= D Gluctose Sedheptuloses-7 carbons I) Galatose a) Milk II) Glucose a) Brain must have III) Fructose a) Sperm 90mg% = 90mg/dR NOR Normal Plasma (Glucose)
Electrons: (:) Single bond (::) Double bond (:::) Triple bond Dl: Bond together after a dehydration synthesis Dehydration Synthesis: Glu + Gla = Lac Glu + Fru = Suc(Sugar cane) Glu + Glu = Mal(Beer) Glu + Glu = Trehalose (Tre) 2/23/ In Shade Survival Time: Max Daily Temp No water 120 degrees F 2 days 110 degrees F 3 days 100 degrees F 5 days 98 degrees F 7 days 80 degrees F 9 days 70 degrees F 10 days Polysaccharides -Glucose Polymer (Repeating Unit) I) Plants a) starch stored in pyrenoid bodies b) cell wall, cell membrane II) Cellulose a) plant cell walls-protection “rain” against” Cheek cells, squamons epithelium AnimalsGlycogen-Glucose storage
- Liver-to help regulate plasma glucose If plasma glucose <90mg% levels (90mg%) (Starved state) Liverglygogenplasma glucose If plasma glucose >90mg%, plasma glucoseliverglycogen
- Skeletal muscle stores
Catabolism : Breakdown Olympics (Balco) Anabolic Steroid Side Effects:
- Sterility
- Impotency
- Kidney+liver failure
- “Rage” roid
- Depression=Suicide
- Cancer!
- Bone depletion Androstenediene: (Strongest German Steroid) Structurally 2 kinds of lipids (Liver)
- Sterols-derivatives of Cholesterol
- Steroid Hormones
- Cell membrane (Healthy) level of cholesterol: C<200mg% Familial Hyercholestermia Family High Blood Cholesterol:
- Red meat
- Eggs
- Pork (Bacon)
- Dairy
- Shell fish a) Shrimp-250 mg b) Squid Lipoproteins: In our blood there are several I) HDL : Heavy Density Lipoproteins a) Good cholesterol b) Carries cholesterol from circulation to liver II) LDL : Light Density Lipoproteins a) Bad cholesterol b) Carries cholesterol away from liver to tissues I) Coronary Artery a) Normal blood
b) Plaque II) Ischemia a) Diminished blood flow III) Arteriosclerosis IV) Atherosclerosis Ratio of Total Cholesterol to HDL = total 250/30=8/1? 10/1 9/1 8/1=5/ <5 Total 250/ LDL < 100mg % 03/02/ How to make more H02 + fight hyper chloseremia:
- Exercise
- Diethigh saturated fats (animal fats) solid @ room temperature
- 2oz alcohol
- Omega 3 fatty acids-deep sea fish, plants
- Medicationsstatins inhibit enzymes in liver that makes cholesterol + raise HDL a) Zetia: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in small intestine b) Initial studies show no lavering of heart attack rates Glycerides-Glycerol+fatty acid Glycerin=Glycerol C16=Palmitic acid-Liver Solid @ room temperatureanimalsaturated fat (all carbons have a single bondraise cholesterol levels Unsaturated fats Plant fats (oils) Double bonds (refer to C16) Between same carbons Double bond = monounsaturated fat Omega 3 -Triunsaturated fat = linolenic acid (Missing in olive oil) Butter Vs. Margarine (Solid) Heart attacks? Olive oil Framingham, M.S. Partial Hydrogenation = DANGER
a. Intercellular – e.g. actin + myosin in muscular cells b. Extracellular – tendons which attach muscles to bones, ligaments, bone to bone
- Cell Membranes
- Hormones
- Enzymes – speed up chemical reactions
- Signal transduction – adrenalin = epinephrine “fight or flight” receptor on the cell membrane and causes a reaction inside the cell.
- Transport Mechanisms 3/ 1-degree structure- Peptide bonds 2 nd^ degree structure was stabilized by H bonds (Active site=) 3 degree stabilized by a) Hydrophobic inferactins Denature=Active site destroyed b) H Bonds c) Ionic Bonds d) Disulfide bridges Ionic bond -NH3+HO-C-C--- Diet = acidosis – high H+ inplasma Denature Disulfide Bride (Perm) -S-S- OxidizingReducing Denatured by heavy metal poisoningSH Hg++) Pb++) Geo phagia Earth Eat Proteins = Specificity ProteinsGenetic ExpressionSequence of amino acids Specificity Sequence of amino acidsproteins Matured mammalian Erythocycle (Red Blood Cell)
No nucleus (Biconcave elastic) “Squeeze” through capillaries (8-10 microns in diameter) (Sickle cell anemia) Hemoglobin (HB) CH3 (Val) -O (Glu) Nucleotides a) Functions
- Genetic information
- Making genetic expression occur (protein) Chemical structure
- SugarRibose and Deoxyribose
- Phosphates
- Nitrogenous bases Nitrogenous Bases Purines Pyrimidines DNA (Adenine (A) (2) HB Thymine (T) only DNA RNA
RNA (Guanine (G) (3) HB Cytosine (C) always pair in DNA Uracil (U) only RNA Base is a single molecule Nucleoside-Sugar + Base Nucleotide-Sugar + Base + Phosphate 1-monophosphate 2-Diphosphate 3-Triphosphate (e.g.) adenosine triphosphate = ATP adenines+deoxyribose+3 phosphates Many nucleotides together make nucleic acids
- RNA=Ribonucleic acidssingle stranded, has ribose+contains uracil in place of thymine
- DNA=Deoxyribose acid a) Double stranded helix, has deoxyribose+thymine instead of uracil (Base pairing is responsible for genetic continuity)
G1-metabolism+prepartion for S-DNA synthesis G2-metabolism+preparation fur M M=mitosis-karyokinesis=nuclear division Cytokinesis=cytoplasmic division Self destruction of cells=Apoptis Growth due to increase #> Hyperplasia I) Hypertrophy a) Grow to increase in cell size II) Atrophy a) No growth Enzyme =Helicase=unwind strands DNA polymerase -Add complimentary bases Genetic Expression = Protein = Sequence of amino Acids (cytoplasm) (Need RNA) Genetic Information = Sequence of Bases RNA (3 kinds) 1) mRNA a) Messenger, copy of the sequence of bases in DNA 2) tRNA a) Transfer, bring amino acids to 3) rRNA a) Ribosomal, site of synthesis of protein Synthesis messenger: Phe-phe- Phe-phe (uuuuuuuu……..
- (4 bases) 20 amino acids (20 amino acids)
- 4 degree- transfer RNA
ATP Energy 03/ Specificgeneral=induction Generalspecific=deduction Larvaeflies (maggots)
All adult insects have 6 legs! Transcription=DNAmRNA DNA replication (DNA polymerase) DNARNA Transcription, RNA polymerase RNAProtein Translation Polymerase 3’ TAC 5’ ATG DNARNA=Transcription 1 codon mRNA AUGAUG 3 base = 1 aa = codon anticodon tRNA 3 basesanticodon complimentary to codon mRNA below has 6 codons codes? aa=4(don’t count first or last codon) L-RNA=5 (-1 codon) TAC GTT TAG CCT AGT ACT Codon a.a CAAGLN AUCILE GGAGLY UCASER
