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Notes for Midterm Material Type: Notes; Class: Environmental Biology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: CUNY Bernard M Baruch College; Term: Forever 1989;
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Biology Notes Biology : The study of life and living things I. EEG : (Electroencephalogen) A. Electrical pattern in your brain. B. You are legally alive if your EEG is proper. C. You can get a heart transplant from people who are brain dead (No EEG). D. Congress has made it legal through the EEG rule. E. Negative inside, positive outside II. EMG : (Electromyogram) A. Electrical signal for muscle III. EKG/ECG (Electrocardiogram) A. Electro signal in the heart Theoretical science : Physicists mark the board with a clueless audience Empirical Science : Biology, Experimental Induction = Specific General statement I. Problem II. Observation A. Preliminary experiments III. Hypothesis A. General statement based on observations B. Is it true? C. Educated guess D. Induce the hypothesis IV. Reproducible Experiments A. To prove or disprove hypothesis V. Publish A. If successful experimentation, publish results in peer referred journal VI. Universal Reproducibility A. Everyone has to be able to reproduce those experiments VII. Theory A. Scientific Truth
Biology Notes I. Problem II. Observation III. Hypothesis (Induction #2,3) IV. Reproducible V. Publish VI. Universal Reproducibility VII. Theory (Predict Problems) Sloan Kettering I. NIH (National Institutes of Health) A. Bethesda, MD B. Rejection Animal care facilities I. Fossil Fuels A. Gas, Soil, Wood B. FossilCarbon MonoxideCO C. FuelCH4 Methane (Cows) Greenhouse gassesGlobal warming Alternate Energy Nuclear(Best) Harmful wastes(Radioactive wastesLethal Carcinogenic) NuclearFissionSplitations Wind, Water, Fuel cells (All inside) No harm for waste Radioactive isotopes C14: 5214 years Fusion (H20) H + H Helium (Lighter than air) 2 (Hydrogen) + (Energy) Temperature requirements are too high (Internet) Fleishenman + Pons - University of Utah Fusion @ Room temperature…. Kitchen sink experiments
Hindenberg Element Symbol Z#=Atomic# A#=Atomic Weight K (2) L( 8) M (8) Hydrogen H 1 1 1 Helium He 2 4 2 ** Sodium Na 11 23 2 8 1 Chlorine Cl 17 35 2 8 7 **7 atoms, which grab electrons to complete outer shells, are called electronegative Monovalent Cation Na loses 1 electron Na (Plasma) 110 Ion : Charged atom 1 proton = acid anode+battery(starter motor)cathode K (potassium) (5-8) Ca (calcium)Ca++, iron++, zinc ++, chromium ++, copper ++, magnesium++ Essential iron: carries oxygen for blood cells Mitosis = Cell division Cl grabs electrons Cl- (monovalent) Chlorine Chloride Chlorine” “Chloride Iodine” “ I (Iodine) For thyroid gland to make thyroxine Fluorine” “F-Fluride (hormone which controls Basal Metabolic (Ca++) + (2 Cl-) (Ca++) (Cl2) Rate) (Na+) + (Cl-) =Ionic Bond=attractions of ions (Na+ Cl-) (Ionic Compound)
Element Symbol Z A K(2) L(8) Nitrogen N 7 14 2 5 (Electronegative does not share electrons equally) Ammonia Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons to complete outer shells A) Polar: electrons not shared equally Oxygen O 8 16 2 6 Intramolecular charge distribution 58 CyH10 = Butane (Gas) C3H8 = Propane (Gas) 16 CHy = Methane (Gas) 30 C2H6 = = Ethane (Gas) In relation to molecules of comparable molecular weight
b) Non Polar
Electrons: (:) Single bond (::) Double bond (:::) Triple bond Dl: Bond together after a dehydration synthesis Dehydration Synthesis: Glu + Gla = Lac Glu + Fru = Suc(Sugar cane) Glu + Glu = Mal(Beer) Glu + Glu = Trehalose (Tre) 2/23/ In Shade Survival Time: Max Daily Temp No water 120 degrees F 2 days 110 degrees F 3 days 100 degrees F 5 days 98 degrees F 7 days 80 degrees F 9 days 70 degrees F 10 days Polysaccharides -Glucose Polymer (Repeating Unit) I) Plants a) starch stored in pyrenoid bodies b) cell wall, cell membrane II) Cellulose a) plant cell walls-protection “rain” against” Cheek cells, squamons epithelium AnimalsGlycogen-Glucose storage
Catabolism : Breakdown Olympics (Balco) Anabolic Steroid Side Effects:
b) Plaque II) Ischemia a) Diminished blood flow III) Arteriosclerosis IV) Atherosclerosis Ratio of Total Cholesterol to HDL = total 250/30=8/1? 10/1 9/1 8/1=5/ <5 Total 250/ LDL < 100mg % 03/02/ How to make more H02 + fight hyper chloseremia:
a. Intercellular – e.g. actin + myosin in muscular cells b. Extracellular – tendons which attach muscles to bones, ligaments, bone to bone
No nucleus (Biconcave elastic) “Squeeze” through capillaries (8-10 microns in diameter) (Sickle cell anemia) Hemoglobin (HB) CH3 (Val) -O (Glu) Nucleotides a) Functions
RNA (Guanine (G) (3) HB Cytosine (C) always pair in DNA Uracil (U) only RNA Base is a single molecule Nucleoside-Sugar + Base Nucleotide-Sugar + Base + Phosphate 1-monophosphate 2-Diphosphate 3-Triphosphate (e.g.) adenosine triphosphate = ATP adenines+deoxyribose+3 phosphates Many nucleotides together make nucleic acids
G1-metabolism+prepartion for S-DNA synthesis G2-metabolism+preparation fur M M=mitosis-karyokinesis=nuclear division Cytokinesis=cytoplasmic division Self destruction of cells=Apoptis Growth due to increase #> Hyperplasia I) Hypertrophy a) Grow to increase in cell size II) Atrophy a) No growth Enzyme =Helicase=unwind strands DNA polymerase -Add complimentary bases Genetic Expression = Protein = Sequence of amino Acids (cytoplasm) (Need RNA) Genetic Information = Sequence of Bases RNA (3 kinds) 1) mRNA a) Messenger, copy of the sequence of bases in DNA 2) tRNA a) Transfer, bring amino acids to 3) rRNA a) Ribosomal, site of synthesis of protein Synthesis messenger: Phe-phe- Phe-phe (uuuuuuuu……..
ATP Energy 03/ Specificgeneral=induction Generalspecific=deduction Larvaeflies (maggots)
All adult insects have 6 legs! Transcription=DNAmRNA DNA replication (DNA polymerase) DNARNA Transcription, RNA polymerase RNAProtein Translation Polymerase 3’ TAC 5’ ATG DNARNA=Transcription 1 codon mRNA AUGAUG 3 base = 1 aa = codon anticodon tRNA 3 basesanticodon complimentary to codon mRNA below has 6 codons codes? aa=4(don’t count first or last codon) L-RNA=5 (-1 codon) TAC GTT TAG CCT AGT ACT Codon a.a CAAGLN AUCILE GGAGLY UCASER