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Biology EOC Review and Biological Principles
LATEST (2025)
List and describe the steps of the SCIENTIFIC METHOD •Observation- thoughtful and careful recognition of an event or a fact
- Hypothesis- propose possible solutions to question based on what is already understood, must be testable
- Experimentation- test if the hypothesis can be supported or rejected •Repeat experiments Why do many experiments make use of a control group? Something to compare to What are the characteristics of a good experiment? Many tests, all parts of an experiment present What is the difference between an inference and a prediction? Inference = based on observation Prediction= is a hypothesis What are the differences between hypothesis, theory and law? Hypothesis= educated guess Theory= based on experiments Law= proven the same over and over
What is the differences between an independent and dependent variable? Independent Variable= things you test or change Dependent Variable= things you measure Interpret graphs. Which axis has the independent variable? Which axis has the dependent variable? Independent Variable= x axis Dependent Variable= y axis How do you determine the magnification of the field of view for a microscope? Power of lens Power of objective= magnification What happens to the diameter of the field of view when you change from low to high power? Less to high magnification How do you estimate the size of a cell or a cell structure when using a microscope? Consider magnification and original size What do you adjust first on a microscope? What do you then adjust when on the highest power?
- Course adjustment
- Fine adjustment
How do you think the breathing rate was measured? Breaths permanent What do you think if you raised the temperature even more? Increase in breathing rate Why would it be a bad idea to do this? Could kill the fish Looking at the graph what conclusions can you draw about algae growth and nitrates in the water? There is a variation of conclusions = inconclusive What other data would you like to have? Population of bacteria with percent of transmission or nitrates What would you predict would happen if this same data was gathered at the end of week 8? Decrease in percent of transmission Why do you think that nitrates have this effect on algae growth? Algae is able to grow due to a need of nitrates biologically
What kind of care must be taken when working with bacteria? Why must care be used when working with bacteria? Cover body as to not ingest What should you always wear when around chemicals in the lab? "Think eyeballs" Goggles How should broken glass be disposed of? "a.k.a what type of trash can" Glass disposable box First thing if an accident happens in the lab, what should you do first? Tell the teacher The experiment above was done on rats, is there any reason to think that it might apply to humans? Rats are similar to humans both in DNA and metabolism What else would you like to know about this topic before you start eating spinach everyday?
- Are there negative effects of eating spinach daily?
- Has this been tested on humans? There is conflicting data from the 1970's how do you decide what is most scientifically accurate?
I invented the first simple light microscopes in the 1700 Francesco Redi I disapprove the idea is spontaneous generation by using covered and uncovered jars of rotting meat Louis Pasteur I supported the idea of biogenesis by my curved flask experiment. My name is process to keep milk fresh Alexander Oparin I hypothesized that life originated in the early oceans Stanley Miller & Harold Urey We found that methane, ammonia, hydrogen gases from early earth changed with electricity can form amino acids Carolus Linnaeus I created the system of binomial nomenclature using Latin Jean Baptiste Lamarck I am the scientists who erroneously came up with the idea that traits are acquired from animals from their use or disuse
Rudolf Virchow I am one of the first to see the cell structure for cell division What are the differences between living and non-living things? List 8 characteristics •Made of cells •Reproduce •Based upon a universal genetic code •Grow and develop •Obtain and use materials and energy •Respond to their environment •Maintain a stable internal environment •As a group, change over time What are the ways that living things get energy to live? They have a way to break down materials called metabolism What are some of the ways that living things use energy? Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Chemosynthesis What are some ways that cells maintain homeostasis? Sweating, panting, shivering, cell membrane
Subunits: 5-Carbon sugar, Nitrogen base, phosphate group Starch Function: A macromolecule of sugar used for short term or quick energy Cellulose Function; A macromolecule of sugar used to make cell walls in plants Insulin Function: A protein used in the breakdown of sugar made by the pancreas. Without it, causes Diabetes Glycogen Function: Storage of excess sugar in the liver and used when glucose levels in the blood is low Glucose Function: A molecule used to create Glycogen, sugars needed by the brain for life functions Enzymes Function: Proteins used to lower activation energy to cause chemical reactions to occur
Hemoglobin Function: The protein used to bind to oxygen to carry it in the red blood cells Fats Long term energy storage, protection and insulation DNA Genetic code of life used in replication & transcription RNA Genetic code of life used in transcription & translation Starch It is used to test for iodine when it is present it goes from brown to red an example of this is Pasta Lipids It is used to test for paper bag test, when it is present it causes a greasy stain an example of this is chips, and butter Monosaccharides It is used to test Benedicts, when it's positive heat turns from blue to orange, an example of this is milk and fruit
Steps for making a wet mount slide in order
- Put tissue on the slide
- Add a drop of water
- Add a coverslip
- Place the slide on the stage of the microscope
- Try to locate the object using low power and coarse adjustment
- Once the object is located without moving the adjustment, change to medium power
- Switch to high power and bring the object into clear focus again
- Use fine adjustment to bring the object into clear focus Why must you use stain to look at certain items under the microscope? Because certain substances/organisms are clear and need stain in order to be visible Draw how the letter "e" as view through a microscope? Upside down and backwards Smallest to Largest Cells-> Tissues-> Organs-> Organ systems What structures produce hormones? What is the function of hormones? Slow acting chemical messenger released by the endocrine system. These chemical substances control growth, development and responses to the environment
How do hormones travel throughout a body? Since many hormones are lipids, they pass through cell membranes How do hormones travel throughout a body? Since many hormones are lipids, they pass through cell membranes Nucleus Structure: Located near the center of the cell, it is large and surrounded by the ER Function: Contains DNA or the molecule of heredity in the cell Plasma Membrane Structure: Surrounds the cell in animal cells, inner membrane of a plant cell Function: Allows only certain molecules to pass through, the bouncer Cell wall Structure: Not found in animal cells, it surrounds the outside of plant cells Function: Acts as a barrier to keep water in plant cells
Ribosomes Structure: Found as small dots located on the ER or in the cytoplasm. Function:Sites of proteins synthesis, they read RNA to assemble proteins 2.02 in Biology Packet Which cell is the plant cell? (left or right) The left Which structures are found only in the plant cell? Cell wall, chloroplasts Which structures are found only in the animal cell? Centrioles (used in cell division) Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure makes this movement possible?
Sperm, Flagella What organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement? Muscle cells, Mitochondria Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell? Red blood cell, carries oxygen in the blood Which cell is involved in the immune system? White blood cell, center bottom Which cell helps in movement of bones? What happens in these cells to make that movement possible? Muscle cells, mitochondria Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages? How do the messages get from one cell to the next? Nerve cell, stretched out shape and neurotransmitters. Shape relates to function. 2.03 Biology packet Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? They are too large to pass through the semi-permeable
higher/lower Which way water will move in each of the following situations: a. Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%. b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. a.Water will move inside the cell b.Water will move outside the cell What is homeostasis? Maintaining a balance of chemicals, fluid, etc inside of a living organism. How do cells maintain homeostasis? Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance They use the cell membrane (cell wall in plants) as well as stimulus/response, buffers, hormones, cell organelles, and internal feedback loops. PASSIVE TRANSPORT:
- Requires energy?
- Low to high concentration or high to low concentration?
- Example
- NO
- High to Low
- Osmosis
ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
- Requires energy?
- Low to high concentration or high to low concentration?
- Example
- YES
- LOW to HIGH
- Muscle pumps What cellular process produces ATP? ATP synthesis in mitochondria What is ATP energy used for? Give examples. Making proteins replicating DNA, cell responses, pumps working, muscle contraction Photosynthesis:
- Reactant
- Product
- Example?
- Water, Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Sugar & Oxygen (O2)
- Plants/Autotrophs/Producers
