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Vocabulary terms and key concepts from week 1 of biology 211, focusing on cellular respiration and microorganisms. Topics include aerobic and anaerobic respiration, prokaryotic and eukaryotic domains, bacterial reproduction, and metabolic processes. Students will learn about various types of microbes, their energy sources, and the role of microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle and human body.
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Aerobic respiration: Referring to any metabolic process, cell, or organism that uses oxygen as an electron acceptor
Anaerobic respiration: Referring to any metabolic process, cell, or organism an electron acceptor other than oxygen
Anoxygenic photosynthesis: Process that does not produce oxygen, but produces elements such as sulfur
Archaea: A domain that includes unicellular prokaryotes, does not have peptidoglycan in cell wall
Bacteria: A domain that includes unicellular prokaryotes, has peptidoglycan in cell wall
Binary Fission: The process of cell division used for asexual reproduction of many prokaryotic cells
Cellular respiration: A common pathway for production of ATP, involving transfer of electrons from compounds with high potential energy through an electron transport chain and acceptor
Chemolithotrophs: Gets energy from inorganic molecules
Chemoorganotrophs: Gets energy from organic molecules
cyanobacteria: A lineage of photosynthetic bacteria, likely the first life-forms to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
Cocci: circle shaped Conjugation: When genetic material is transferred between two cells that are temporarily joined
Gram Negative: Pink, thin layer of peptidoglycan, outer phospholipid bilayer
Gram Positive: Purple, thick layer of peptidoglycan, no outer phospholipid bilayer
Heterotrophs: Cannot synthesize Carbon from inorganic sources, must obtain them from other organisms
Microbes: Any microscopic organism, including bacteria, archaea, and various tiny eukaryotes Nitrogen Fixing: Using atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which can be used to make up organic compounds
Oxygen Revolution: Change in the atmosphere from the proliferation of cyanobacteria
Oxygenic photosynthesis: When organisms release oxygen during photosynthesis
Phototrophs: Produces ATP through photosynthesis
Spirochete: Spiral shaped organisms
Transformation: The genetic material in a cell is altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from the cell’s surroundings
Transduction: Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) carry bacteria genes from one host cell to the other
Plasmids: a “second” genome of DNA, transferable
Symbiotic relationship: Close, prolonged physical relationship between individuals of two different species