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Biology 211 Week 1: Cellular Respiration and Microorganisms, Study notes of Biology

University of BirminghamBiology

Vocabulary terms and key concepts from week 1 of biology 211, focusing on cellular respiration and microorganisms. Topics include aerobic and anaerobic respiration, prokaryotic and eukaryotic domains, bacterial reproduction, and metabolic processes. Students will learn about various types of microbes, their energy sources, and the role of microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle and human body.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
Biology 211 (2) Week 1!
Chapter 29!
!
VOCABULARY:!
Aerobic respiration:
Referring to any
metabolic process,
cell, or organism that
uses oxygen as an
electron acceptor
Anaerobic
respiration: Referring
to any metabolic
process, cell, or
organism an electron
acceptor other than
oxygen
Anoxygenic
photosynthesis:
Process that does not
produce oxygen, but
produces elements
such as sulfur
Archaea: A domain
that includes
unicellular
prokaryotes, does not
have peptidoglycan in
cell wall
Bacteria: A domain
that includes
unicellular
prokaryotes, has
peptidoglycan in cell
wall
Binary Fission: The
process of cell
division used for
asexual reproduction
of many prokaryotic
cells
Cellular respiration: A
common pathway for
production of ATP,
involving transfer of
electrons from compounds
with high potential energy
through an electron
transport chain and
acceptor
Chemolithotrophs:
Gets energy from
inorganic molecules
Chemoorganotrophs:
Gets energy from
organic molecules
cyanobacteria: A
lineage of
photosynthetic
bacteria, likely the
first life-forms to
carry out oxygenic
photosynthesis
Cocci: circle shaped
Conjugation: When
genetic material is
transferred between
two cells that are
temporarily joined
Gram Negative: Pink,
thin layer of
peptidoglycan, outer
phospholipid bilayer
Gram Positive:
Purple, thick layer of
peptidoglycan, no
outer phospholipid
bilayer
Heterotrophs: Cannot
synthesize Carbon
from inorganic
sources, must obtain
them from other
organisms
Microbes: Any
microscopic
organism, including
bacteria, archaea,
and various tiny
eukaryotes
Nitrogen Fixing: Using
atmospheric nitrogen
(N2) into ammonia
(NH3), which can be
used to make up
organic compounds
Oxygen Revolution:
Change in the
atmosphere from the
proliferation of
cyanobacteria
Oxygenic
photosynthesis: When
organisms release
oxygen during
photosynthesis
Phototrophs:
Produces ATP through
photosynthesis
Spirochete: Spiral
shaped organisms
Tr an sf or m at io n : Th e
genetic material in a
cell is altered by the
uptake of foreign DNA
from the cell’s
surroundings
Tr an sd uc t io n:
Bacteriophages
(viruses that infect
bacteria) carry
bacteria genes from
one host cell to the
other
Plasmids: a “second”
genome of DNA,
transferable
pf3
pf4

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Download Biology 211 Week 1: Cellular Respiration and Microorganisms and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Biology 211 (2) Week 1!

Chapter 29!

VOCABULARY:!

Aerobic respiration: Referring to any metabolic process, cell, or organism that uses oxygen as an electron acceptor

Anaerobic respiration: Referring to any metabolic process, cell, or organism an electron acceptor other than oxygen

Anoxygenic photosynthesis: Process that does not produce oxygen, but produces elements such as sulfur

Archaea: A domain that includes unicellular prokaryotes, does not have peptidoglycan in cell wall

Bacteria: A domain that includes unicellular prokaryotes, has peptidoglycan in cell wall

Binary Fission: The process of cell division used for asexual reproduction of many prokaryotic cells

Cellular respiration: A common pathway for production of ATP, involving transfer of electrons from compounds with high potential energy through an electron transport chain and acceptor

Chemolithotrophs: Gets energy from inorganic molecules

Chemoorganotrophs: Gets energy from organic molecules

cyanobacteria: A lineage of photosynthetic bacteria, likely the first life-forms to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

Cocci: circle shaped Conjugation: When genetic material is transferred between two cells that are temporarily joined

Gram Negative: Pink, thin layer of peptidoglycan, outer phospholipid bilayer

Gram Positive: Purple, thick layer of peptidoglycan, no outer phospholipid bilayer

Heterotrophs: Cannot synthesize Carbon from inorganic sources, must obtain them from other organisms

Microbes: Any microscopic organism, including bacteria, archaea, and various tiny eukaryotes Nitrogen Fixing: Using atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which can be used to make up organic compounds

Oxygen Revolution: Change in the atmosphere from the proliferation of cyanobacteria

Oxygenic photosynthesis: When organisms release oxygen during photosynthesis

Phototrophs: Produces ATP through photosynthesis

Spirochete: Spiral shaped organisms

Transformation: The genetic material in a cell is altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from the cell’s surroundings

Transduction: Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) carry bacteria genes from one host cell to the other

Plasmids: a “second” genome of DNA, transferable

KEY CONCEPTS:!

  1. Looking at a simple phylogenetic tree of the 3 domains, which domain shares to most common ancestry with Domain Eukarya – Bacteria or Archaea? a. Archaea and Eukarya share more common ancestry. The DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, transcription initiation proteins, and ribosomes found in Archaea and Eukarya are distinct from those in Bacteria and similar to each other. These differences have practical consequences: Antibiotics that poison bacterial ribosomes do not affect the ribosomes of archaea or eukaryotes. If all ribosomes were identical, these antibiotics would kill you along with the bacterial species.
  2. What do we mean when we say bacteria are ubiquitous? Give an example of this ubiquity. a. It means they are literally everywhere. They are found even in extreme places, such as hot springs, or thousands of feet below the oceans surface.
  3. How many bacteria are in an on the typical human? How does this compare with the number of cells that make up the human body? a. Approximately 10 trillion cells in your body are outnumbered ten to one by bacterial and archaeal cells.
  4. What two things do ALL organisms need, metabolically? Compare and contrast phototrophs, chemoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, autotrophs and heterotrophs. a. They need energy and carbon. b. Phototrophs: from sunlight c. Chemoorganotrophs: from organic molecules d. Chemolithotrophs: from inorganic molecules e. Autotrophs: self synthesized from simple molecules f. Heterotrophs: from molecules produced by other organisms
  5. What are the four nuances in metabolism in prokaryotes?

a.!

  1. What limits reproduction in prokaryotes? a. Run out of nutrient supplies. b. Accumulate toxic metabolic wastes

Symbiotic relationship: Close, prolonged physical relationship between individuals of two different species

  1. What are some examples of a “good” bacteria partnership? a. Human microbiome b. Decomposition c. Termite guts d. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation e. Nitrogen cycle
  2. The change in the atmosphere from the proliferation of cyanobacteria is referred to as a. Global warming b. The oxygen revolution c. Ozone effect d. Carbon dioxide increase