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BIOLOGY 206 OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank- Chapter 16 Disease and Epidemiology, Exams of Microbiology

Queens University of CharlotteMicrobiology

BIOLOGY 206 OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank- Chapter 16 Disease and Epidemiology

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 10/14/2024

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OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank
Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology
Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology
* = Correct answer
Multiple Choice
1. Which term refers to the study of the geographic distribution of disease and its transmission?
A. epidemiology*
B. etiology
C. morbidology
D. pathology
2. Which term refers to the study of the cause of disease?
A. epidemiology
B. etiology*
C. morbidology
D. pathology
3. Tetanus, which is caused by Clostridium tetani, is an example of which type of disease?
A. endemic
B. epidemic
C. pandemic
D. sporadic*
4. Malarial disease in Brazil is an example of which type of disease?
A. endemic*
B. epidemic
C. pandemic
D. sporadic
5. Robert Koch was the first to conclusively determine the causative agent of which disease?
A. anthrax*
B. gonorrhea
C. syphilis
D. tuberculosis
6. Which of the following most specifically describes a notifiable disease?
A. any disease caused by a prion
B. any disease of public health importance*
C. any disease that is highly infectious
D. any disease with a high ID50
7. Which of the following is not a notifiable disease?
A. giardiasis
B. gonorrhea
C. MRSA*
Page 1 of 13
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Download BIOLOGY 206 OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank- Chapter 16 Disease and Epidemiology and more Exams Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology **Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology

  • = Correct answer Multiple Choice**
  1. Which term refers to the study of the geographic distribution of disease and its transmission? A. epidemiology* B. etiology C. morbidology D. pathology
  2. Which term refers to the study of the cause of disease? A. epidemiology B. etiology* C. morbidology D. pathology
  3. Tetanus, which is caused by Clostridium tetani , is an example of which type of disease? A. endemic B. epidemic C. pandemic D. sporadic*
  4. Malarial disease in Brazil is an example of which type of disease? A. endemic* B. epidemic C. pandemic D. sporadic
  5. Robert Koch was the first to conclusively determine the causative agent of which disease? A. anthrax* B. gonorrhea C. syphilis D. tuberculosis
  6. Which of the following most specifically describes a notifiable disease? A. any disease caused by a prion B. any disease of public health importance* C. any disease that is highly infectious D. any disease with a high ID 50
  7. Which of the following is not a notifiable disease? A. giardiasis B. gonorrhea C. MRSA*

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology D. Zika

  1. John Snow developed a detailed map (the “ghost map”) to investigate the etiology of which disease? A. anthrax B. botulism C. cholera* D. listeriosis
  2. Which of the following is not an example of evidence used by John Snow to determine that cholera was being transmitted by water in London in the 1800s? A. a high frequency of cholera cases located near a water pump on Broad Street B. beer workers not contracting cholera because they drank beer rather than water C. microscopic examination of water* D. waste and sewage being dumped into the Thames River
  3. Which researcher required that surgeons should use a 5% carbolic acid solution to clean surgical tools as a way to prevent the spread of disease? A. Alexander Fleming B. Robert Koch C. Joseph Lister* D. John Snow
  4. Which type of studies gathers data from past cases to study present-day cases? A. descriptive B. experimental C. perspective D. retrospective*
  5. You are hired as an epidemiologist for the following study. You wish to determine if potato salad, served at a local farmer’s market a month ago, caused an outbreak of a food-borne illness. You specifically interview individuals who had eaten potato salad and developed the illness, as well as individuals who ate the potato salad and did not develop illness. Based on this description, which type of study was conducted? A. case-control* B. cohort method C. cross-sectional D. experimental
  6. You wish to determine if a new drug can cure individuals with colds caused by rhinoviruses. You invite 50 individuals to participate in the study. Using a double-blind approach, 25 individuals get a sugar pill and 25 get the test drug. Based on this description, which type of study was conducted? A. case-control B. cohort method C. cross-sectional

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology D. water

  1. A fruit fly lands on cow feces and then flies over to a bowl of watermelon being served at a farm picnic. The fruit fly in this example is which of the following? A. biological vector B. fomite C. mechanical vector* D. vehicle
  2. Infected fleas that have the bacterium Yersinia pestis growing inside them are able to transmit plague. In this case, the infected fleas are best described as which of the following? A. biological vectors* B. fomites C. mechanical vectors D. vehicles
  3. Which agency monitors notifiable diseases in the United States? A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention* B. Environmental Protection Agency C. Food and Drug Administration D. Homeland Security
  4. SARS first occurred in ________, before becoming a(n) ________ disease. Choose the correct pair from the following. A. China, endemic B. China, pandemic* C. Ireland, endemic D. Ireland, pandemic
  5. Which is the transmission mechanism for West Nile Virus? A. body-fluid contact B. droplets C. fomite D. vector*
  6. The tsetse fly transmits which disease? A. African sleeping sickness* B. leishmaniasis C. malaria D. typhus
  7. Which of the following is true about modern emerging diseases? A. Malaria is an example of an emerging disease. B. They are diseases that increase in frequency after a period of decline. C. They are diseases that the WHO has classified as being poorly understood. D. They occur in both developing and developed countries.*

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology

  1. Which of the following statements about quarantine is false? A. Patients may be released from quarantine if preventive treatment can be administered. B. Public health authorities can quarantine patients for any diseases.* C. Quarantine facilities can be equipped with special air-handling methods such as HEPA filters. D. Quarantine times depend on the incubation period of the disease. True/False
  2. The prevalence of HIV is generally higher than its incidence. Answer: True
  3. Etiology is the study of the transmission of diseases. Answer: False
  4. All etiologic agents are pathogens. Answer: False
  5. Nosocomial infections can be acquired in hospital settings. Answer: True
  6. In the 1800s, nosocomial diseases were prevalent. Answer: True
  7. In experimental epidemiological studies, study subjects are manipulated in some manner. Answer: True
  8. Humans can be reservoirs for pathogens. Answer: True
  9. An individual with human papillomavirus (HPV) who has genital warts can transmit HPV to their partner via kissing on the lips. Answer: False
  10. The WHO only monitors the prevalence of infectious diseases around the world. Answer: False
  11. Lyme disease is more prevalent in the northern hemisphere. Answer: True

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology

  1. Of 100,000 individuals exposed to a particular bacterial pathogen, 500 develop disease. Of the 500 individuals who develop the disease, 100 die. The morbidity rate is ________ cases per 100,000 people. Answer: 500
  2. Of 100,000 individuals exposed to a particular bacterial pathogen, 500 develop disease. Of the 500 individuals who develop the disease, 100 die. The mortality rate is ________ per 100,000 people. Answer: 100
  3. John Snow’s work on cholera showed that a water pump on Broad Street served as a ________ for the spread of infectious disease. Answer: common source
  4. Joseph Lister required surgeons to use ________ when washing hands and cleaning surgical tools as a means of reducing nosocomial infections. Answer: phenol (carbolic acid)
  5. ________ epidemiological studies are ones in which data are gathered from study participants through measurements. Answer: Observational
  6. A health-care provider who does not have signs or symptoms of disease and is not infected but transmits a pathogen from one patient to another is said to be a(n) ________ carrier. Answer: passive
  7. During a parasitic pathogen’s lifecycle, it reaches sexual maturity in the ________ host. Answer: definitive
  8. Transmission of pathogens via water, food, and/or air is known as ________ transmission. Answer: vehicle
  9. A ________ is used to isolate infected individuals to prevent further transmission of a particular pathogen. Answer: quarantine
  10. An infectious disease that caused a pandemic in western Africa in 2014–2015 is ________. Answer: Ebola hemorrhagic fever (or Ebola)

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology Short Answer

  1. What does the field of epidemiology cover? Sample Answer: Epidemiology is the study of infectious disease distribution, timing, and transmission. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23
  2. Morbidity is dependent upon what two aspects of a disease? Sample Answer: prevalence and incidence Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: 23
  3. What is the difference between morbidity and mortality? Sample Answer: Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased, whereas mortality refers to death. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23
  4. What information is reported in the CDC’s MMWR? Sample Answer: MMWR refers to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. This report contains the latest information on notifiable diseases. Information it presents can include the number of cases reported for the week, the median number of cases over a 52 weeks, and the cumulative number of cases over the year. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 31
  5. What does it mean to say that a disease is spread from a point source? Sample Answer: When a disease spreads from a point source, there is a single source for all individuals infected. The source operates for a shorter time than the incubation period of the pathogen. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23
  6. What is the difference between intermittent common-source spread and propagated spread of disease? Sample Answer: In intermittent common-source spread, there is a single source for all individuals infected. Infections can occur sporadically. In propagated spread, there is no single source. Transmission can occur either by direct or indirect contact between individuals.

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology

  1. Give an example of a way that a disease can be acquired through horizontal direct-contact transmission. Sample Answer: Answers may vary. Horizontal direct contact means direct contact between individuals other than mother to child (which is vertical direct contact). Examples of ways that diseases can be transmitted through horizontal direct-contact transmission include kissing, licking, and biting. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23
  2. What is the difference between mechanical and biological vectors? Sample Answer: A live animal (other than a human) that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another is called a vector. Biological vectors actively participate in a pathogen’s life cycle. Mechanical vectors merely transport the infectious agent without being infected. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 14, 23
  3. How is the overuse of antibiotics contributing to the reemergence of some infectious diseases? Sample Answer: The overuse of antibiotics leads to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Diseases that can normally be treated with antibiotics are now becoming difficult to treat. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 3, 23
  4. What is the definition of a nosocomial disease? Sample Answer: A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired in a hospital or other clinical setting. This disease must be different from the disease that originally required the patient to enter the clinical setting. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: NA Brief Essay Essay Question Rubric RATING Failing Below Average Competent Advanced Criteria for evaluati on Answer does not provide an argument. Answer contains inaccuracies. Writing is Answer fails to provide examples to support an argument. Writing is poor and Answer provides an argument with one or two examples that support it. Writing is Answer clearly provides an argument with two or more excellent examples that support it;

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology poor and contains numerous grammatical mistakes and misspellings. grammatical errors are common. Answer is somewhat incoherent. acceptable for the college level but may contain one or two grammatical mistakes or misspellings. student makes the argument clearly and eloquently. Answer is well organized and free of grammatical errors and misspellings. POINT VALUE

Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points

  1. John Snow is considered the “father of epidemiology.” (a) Why is he considered to be the father of epidemiology instead of Robert Koch? (b) What etiological agent did John Snow determine? (c) How does this agent cause disease? (d) What was the reservoir and source of the agent? Sample Answer: Student answers may vary but should include components of the following. (a) Although Koch was the first to develop a method of identifying a pathogen as the causative agent of a disease (i.e., anthrax), the field of epidemiology also covers the geographic distribution and the mechanisms of transmission of disease. These were aspects that Koch did not determine when he developed his postulates. (b) John Snow investigated an outbreak of cholera in London in 1854. (c) Cholera is an enterotoxin produced by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The toxin binds to intestinal epithelial cells, causing the production of cAMP. cAMP activates a chloride ion channel in the cell, resulting in the release of ions and an increase in the osmotic pressure of the intestinal lumen. Water will flow out of the cells, resulting in watery diarrhea. (d) Snow determined that the source of the cholera came from contaminated water from the Thames River. A high prevalence of cases was found near a water pump. Contaminated water is the reservoir for V. cholerae and its toxin. Difficulty: Hard ASM Standard: 23
  2. You wish to determine whether a probiotic pill protects individuals against food-borne illnesses. Explain how you would develop a hypothetical, observational prospective cohort study to see if this is true. ( You can assume that you already have clearance from your institution for this study involving human subjects. ) Sample Answer: Student answers may vary but should include components of the following. The study the student is describing must be:

Chapter 16: Disease and Epidemiology campers have been going around to different campsites for the past 2 weeks and they are unsure when they first began to feel unwell. B. Discuss how you would set up an observational epidemiological study to determine where the campers may have acquired Lyme disease. Be sure to explain what type of observational study you would choose (i.e., retrospective or prospective) and why. What information would you want to collect to answer your question? Sample answer: Student answers may vary but should include components of the following. Part A:

  1. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.
  2. It is transmitted from mammal reservoirs to humans by tick vectors.
  3. Signs can be identified by a health-care provider. In this case, they are fever and rash.
  4. Symptoms can only be identified by the patient themselves. Symptoms listed in this scenario are chills, headaches, and muscle aches.
  5. The graph suggests that Lyme disease is an emerging disease. The definition of an emerging disease is a disease that is either new to the human population or has shown an increase in prevalence in the previous 20 years. The data show the number of cases increasing in the past 20 years. Part B: Before beginning the study, you would need a list of the locations the campers have visited. You could then develop a retrospective study in which you identify individuals who have visited the different campsites these patients have visited. You can then collect data on their medical history to see if they developed Lyme disease. If they did, then you could trace it back to which campsite has the infected ticks. Alternatively, a prospective study could be designed. You could follow campers visiting each of the campsites and monitor if they acquire Lyme disease during the course of the study. You would need to take a medical history of each camper before they visit the campsite. In both cases, you would want to look for the same signs and symptoms that the original campers had. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 28 This file is copyright 2017, Rice University. All rights reserved.