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BIOLOGY 189 FINAL EXAM ARIZONA COLLEGE OF
NURSING FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
ANSWERED
Where does glycolysis take place? - Solution cytoplasm Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - Solution Glucose Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) - Solution 2 ATP. pyruvate Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - Solution mitochondrial matrix Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - Solution acetyl coenzyme A Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What comes out (products) - Solution 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - Solution Inner MEMBRANE mitochondria Electron transport chain What goes in? - Solution Hydrogen Electron transport chain What comes out? - Solution ATP How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - Solution NADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen.
What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the mitochondrial membrane? - Solution ATP What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? - Solution Complex 4, cytochrome C oxidase What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? - Solution Oxygen From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? - Solution 34-36 ATP What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? - Solution Lactate and alcohol,CO What are the basic steps of replication? - Solution DNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced Helicase - Solution An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. primer - Solution A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand Polymerase - Solution an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA. Ligase - Solution An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment What are base pairs? - Solution Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
progress of a polymerase, so DNA replication stalls or collapses.UV rays in sunlight cause them What is the Semiconservative Model of DNA replication? - Solution Semiconservative replication produces two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand. What is a gene? - Solution Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide basis Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide basis - Solution DNA ligase 1 connects the Okazaki fragments Is DNA usually double-stranded or single-stranded? - Solution double- stranded During transcription, what is the template and what is the product? - Solution DNA. The product is mRNA During transcription from DNA to RNA, you have the following DNA template. - Solution 3' GTACGCTCA 5' What will be the resulting RNA strand? - Solution 5' CATGCGAGT 3' mRNA - Solution messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome tRNA (transfer RNA) - Solution The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - Solution directs the translation of mRNA into proteins What is the role of RNA polymerase? - Solution -binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands
-then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA Is RNA usually double stranded or single stranded? - Solution single stranded During transcription, which RNA nucleotide pairs with DNA's adenine?
- Solution Uracil What is gene expression? - Solution the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation Where does translation take place? Which organelle? - Solution cytoplasm in ribosomes What is a codon? - Solution a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. What is an exon? - Solution An expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein What is an intron? - Solution sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein (noncoding) deletion mutation - Solution a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene substitution mutation - Solution Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product. Insertion - Solution A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. Are mutations in exons or introns more likely to result in an altered protein? - Solution Exons
centromeres Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle) Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, What are they major steps of meiosis? - Solution prophase1:chromosomes pack tightly, attach to spindle poles Metaphase1: chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase1: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase1: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, ( repeat with starting with prophase 2) In which stage do cells typically spend most of their life? - Solution Interphase What is crossing over? - Solution the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. Does crossing over occur in mitosis? - Solution No, only in meiosis What is a karyotype? - Solution an individual's complete set of chromosomes What chromosome pairs is assigned female? - Solution XX What chromosome pairs is assigned male? - Solution XY What is the total chromosome number in humans? - Solution 46 What is the difference between diploid cells and haploid cells? - Solution The number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus Does mitosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - Solution Diploid Does meiosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - Solution haploid
Is the number of chromosomes in diploid cells half, double, or quadruple that of haploid cells? - Solution Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid - a haploid cell contains only one complete set of chromosomes. What is an autosome? - Solution Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome What is a sex chromosome? - Solution a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. What is nondisjunction? - Solution Failure for chromosomes to separate properly. When does nondisjunction occur? - Solution when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? - Solution S phase What is down syndrome caused by? what is the result? - Solution Trisomy 21,distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, developmental delays What is Marfan's syndrome? - Solution genetic condition that affects the body's connective tissue. Why are males more likely to exhibit X-linked disorders such as Fragile X syndrome? - Solution Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome What is the equator of the cell? - Solution the central plane of the spindle in a dividing cell
What is a phenotype? - Solution physical characteristics of an organism What is a dominant trait? - Solution allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele What is a recessive trait? - Solution allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele In pedigree charts, what do the following represent? Shaded square Shaded circle Clear square clear circle Shape that is half shaded and half clear - Solution Affected male Affected female Male Female Carrier of trait What is a monohybrid cross? - Solution A cross between individuals heterozygous for a single character (for example Aa X Aa.) What is codominance? How does blood typing work? - Solution an inheritance pattern in which the full and separate phenotypic effects of two alleles are apparent in heterozygous individuals.blood typing is The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. How do X-linked disorders work? - Solution caused by variants in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each cell. What is a polygenic trait? - Solution when multiple genes affect one trait What is a polyploidy trait? - Solution having three or more complete sets of chromosomes
