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Biology: Genetics and Cell Signaling, Exams of Biology

Various topics in genetics and cell signaling, including the differences between liver and brain cells, gene expression in bacteria, bacterial resistance to antibiotics, viral attachment to host cells, and the role of metabolites in gene expression. It also discusses cell signaling, including ligands, hormones, and second messengers.

Typology: Exams

2020/2021

Uploaded on 02/22/2022

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BIOLOGY 1201 Practice Final 2019
Fill out SIDE TWO of the scantron, putting your LAST NAME FIRST, your LSU ID number,
and filling-in the appropriate bubbles. Answer the questions using SIDE 1, starting with number
1. The first 50 questions are worth 2 points each and refer to Chapters 11, 18, 19, 39, 45, and 48.
Questions 51-100 are worth 1 point each and refer to chapters we studied earlier in the semester.
Chapter 18
1) Liver cells and brain cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure and
function to
A) having different genes.
B) having different chromosomes.
C) using different genetic codes.
*D) using different genes.
E) using unique ribosomes.
2) What does the operon model attempt to explain?
3) *A) the coordinated control of gene expression in bacteria
4) B) bacterial resistance to antibiotics
5) C) how genes move between homologous regions of DNA
6) D) the mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell
7) E) horizontal transmission of plant viruses
8)
9) The role of a metabolite like the amino acid Tryptophan (Trp), which controls a
repressible operon like the Trp operon, is to
10) A) bind to the promoter region and decrease the affinity of RNA polymerase for the
promoter.
11) B) bind to the operator region and block the attachment of RNA polymerase to the
promoter.
12) C) increase the production of inactive repressor proteins.
13) D) bind to the repressor protein and inactivate it.
14) *E) bind to the repressor protein and activate it.
15)
16) Transcription of the structural genes in an inducible operon, like the lac operon,
17) A) occurs all the time.
18) *B) starts when the pathway's substrate is present.
19) C) starts when the pathway's product is present.
20) D) stops when the pathway's product is present.
21) E) does not produce enzymes.
22)
23) How does active CRP (cyclic AMP receptor protein) influence the expression of the
genes of the lactose operon?
24) A) It terminates production of repressor molecules.
25) B) It degrades the substrate allolactose.
26) C) It stimulates splicing of the encoded genes.
27) *D) It stimulates the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter.
28) E) It binds steroid hormones and controls translation.
29)
30) Histones play a role in gene expression by
A) Helping to activate transcription
B) Methylating DNA
C) Binding DNA*
D) Conserving DNA
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BIOLOGY 1201 Practice Final 2019 Fill out SIDE TWO of the scantron, putting your LAST NAME FIRST, your LSU ID number, and filling-in the appropriate bubbles. Answer the questions using SIDE 1, starting with number

  1. The first 50 questions are worth 2 points each and refer to Chapters 11, 18, 19, 39, 45, and 48. Questions 51-100 are worth 1 point each and refer to chapters we studied earlier in the semester. Chapter 18
  1. Liver cells and brain cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure and function to A) having different genes. B) having different chromosomes. C) using different genetic codes. *D) using different genes. E) using unique ribosomes.
  2. What does the operon model attempt to explain?
  3. *A) the coordinated control of gene expression in bacteria
  4. B) bacterial resistance to antibiotics
  5. C) how genes move between homologous regions of DNA
  6. D) the mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell
  7. E) horizontal transmission of plant viruses
  8. The role of a metabolite like the amino acid Tryptophan (Trp), which controls a repressible operon like the Trp operon, is to
  9. A) bind to the promoter region and decrease the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter.
  10. B) bind to the operator region and block the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter.
  11. C) increase the production of inactive repressor proteins.
  12. D) bind to the repressor protein and inactivate it.
  13. *E) bind to the repressor protein and activate it.
  14. Transcription of the structural genes in an inducible operon, like the lac operon,
  15. A) occurs all the time.
  16. *B) starts when the pathway's substrate is present.
  17. C) starts when the pathway's product is present.
  18. D) stops when the pathway's product is present.
  19. E) does not produce enzymes.
  20. How does active CRP (cyclic AMP receptor protein) influence the expression of the genes of the lactose operon?
  21. A) It terminates production of repressor molecules.
  22. B) It degrades the substrate allolactose.
  23. C) It stimulates splicing of the encoded genes.
  24. *D) It stimulates the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter.
  25. E) It binds steroid hormones and controls translation.
  26. Histones play a role in gene expression by A) Helping to activate transcription B) Methylating DNA C) Binding DNA* D) Conserving DNA

E) Processing pre-mRNA

  1. A eukaryotic gene typically has all of the following features except A) introns. B) a promoter. *C) an operator. D) control elements. E) a terminator.
  2. In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, gene expression is primarily regulated at the level of *A) transcription. B) translation. C) mRNA stability. D) mRNA splicing. E) protein stability. The questions below refer to the following terms. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. control element B. promoter C. activator D. repressor E. terminator
  3. A sequence of DNA to which transcription factors bind, either near to or far from the promotor Answer: A
  4. Site where RNA polymerase binds Answer: B
  5. The expression of mRNA is affected by all except A) Its longevity B) Translation factors C) RNA splicing *D) Ubiquitin attachment E) RNA interference Chapter 19
  6. Which of the following is a characteristic of all viruses?
  7. A) a nucleic acid genome
  8. B) a protein capsid
  9. C) a membrane envelope
  10. *D) A and B only
  11. E) A, B, and C
  1. Bacteriophage DNA that has become integrated into the host cell chromosome is called
  2. A) intemperate bacteriophage.
  3. B) transposon.
  4. *C) prophage.
  5. D) T-even phage.
  6. E) plasmid.

Chapter 11

  1. Paracrine signaling *A) involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extracellular fluid. B) requires nerve cells to release a neurotransmitter into the synapse. C) occurs only in paracrine yeast cells. D) has been found in plants but not animals. E) involves mating factors attaching to target cells and causing production of new paracrine cells.
  2. From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are A) the paracrine, local, and synaptic stages. *B) signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response. C) signal reception, nucleus disintegration, and new cell generation. D) the alpha, beta, and gamma stages. E) signal reception, cellular response, and cell division.
  3. A small molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one A) is called a signal transducer. *B) is called a ligand. C) is called a polymer. D) seldom is involved in hormonal signaling. E) usually terminates a signal reception.
  4. Testosterone functions inside a cell by A) acting as a signal receptor that activates ion-channel proteins. *B) binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes. C) acting as a steroid signal receptor that activates ion-channel proteins. D) becoming a second messenger that inhibits adenylyl cyclase. E) coordinating a phosphorylation cascade that increases glycogen metabolism.
  5. Which is true of transcription factors? A) They regulate the synthesis of DNA in response to a signal. B) Some transcribe ATP into cAMP. C) They initiate the epinephrine response in animal cells. *D) They control which genes are turned on to form mRNA. E) They are needed to regulate the synthesis of protein in the cytoplasm.
  6. In general, a signal transmitted via phosphorylation of a series of proteins *A) brings a conformational change to each activated protein. B) requires binding of a hormone to a cytosol receptor. C) cannot occur in animals because they lack protein kinases. D) occurs because of phosphorylase activity.
  7. Which of the following is a widely used second messenger in signal transduction pathways? A) calcium ions B) cyclic AMP C) tyrosine kinase *D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
  8. The general name of an enzyme that deactivates another enzyme by removing a phosphate is A) phosphorylase.

*B) phosphatase. C) protein kinase. D) ATPase. E) protease.

  1. The Cholera toxin of Vibrio cholerae causes profuse diarrhea because it *A) modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion. B) decreases the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions, making the cells hypotonic to the intestinal cells. C) binds with adenylyl cyclase and triggers the formation of cAMP. D) signals inositol trisphosphate to become a second messenger for the release of calcium. E) modifies calmodulin and activates a cascade of protein kinases.
  2. IP 3 , a second messenger, can be activated by messages received by A) Tyrosine kinase receptors B) G protein receptors C) Ion channel receptors *D) A and B E) A, B, and C Chapter 39 and 45
  3. Based on their effects, which pair below could be considered antagonistic? *A) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone B) epinephrine and adrenaline C) endocrine and exocrine glands D) hormones and target cells E) neurosecretory cells and neurotransmitters
  4. A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a(n) A) secretory cell. B) plasma cell. C) endocrine cell. *D) target cell. E) regulatory cell.
  5. Why is it that some body cells respond differently to the same peptide hormones? A) Different target cells have different genes. B) Each cell knows how it fits into the body's master plan. *C) A target cell's response is determined by the product of its own a signal transduction pathway. D) The circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets. E) The hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system.
  6. Frequently, very few molecules of a hormone are required to affect changes in a target cell. This is because A) hormones are lipid-soluble and readily penetrate the membranes of the target cell. B) hormones are large molecules that remain in circulation for months and can repeatedly stimulate the same cell. *C) the mechanism of hormonal action involves an enzyme cascade that amplifies the response

A) Light *B) Touch C) Gravity D) Darkness E) Rain Chapter 48

  1. The correct sequence of sensory processing is A) motor output → reception → integration. B) reception → motor output → integration. C) integration → reception → motor output *D) reception → integration → motor output. E) integration → reception → motor output.
  2. Where is the most likely location of a group of nerve cell bodies known as a ganglion? A) in the central nervous system *B) in the peripheral nervous system C) anywhere in the nervous system D) within the brain E) within the spinal cord
  3. If an otherwise normal nerve cell were made permeable to large negative ions, what would happen? *A) The membrane potential would not form. B) Potassium would not leave the resting cell. C) Sodium would not enter the resting cell. D) The membrane potential would become positive. E) The sodium-potassium pump would not function.
  4. The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps A) Na+^ and K+^ into the cell. B) Na+^ and K+^ out of the cell. C) Na+^ into the cell and K+^ out of the cell. *D) Na+^ out of the cell and K+^ into the cell. E) Na+^ and K+^ into the cell and H+^ out of the cell through an antiport.
  5. Which statement about transmission along neurons is false? A) The rate of transmission of a nerve impulse is directly related to the diameter of the axon. *B) The intensity of a stimulus is related to the magnitude of the action potential. C) The resting potential is maintained by differential ion permeabilities and the sodium- potassium pump. D) Once initiated, local depolarizations stimulate a propagation of serial action potentials down the axon. E) A stimulus that affects the membrane's permeability to ions can either depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane.
  6. Saltatory conduction is a term applied to conduction of impulses A) across electrical synapses. B) along the postsynaptic membrane from dendrite to axon hillock. C) in two directions at the same time. D) from one neuron to another. *E) along myelinated (insulated) nerve fibers.
  1. Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic axon terminals into the synaptic cleft by which mechanism? A) osmosis B) active transport C) diffusion D) endocytosis *E) exocytosis
  2. Which of the following offers the best description of neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap? A) Neural impulses involve the flow of K+^ and Na+^ across the gap. B) Neural impulses travel across the gap as electrical currents. *C) Neural impulses cause the release of neurotransmitters that diffuse across the gap. D) Neural impulses travel across the gap in both directions. E) The calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves adjacent to a synapse acts as the neurotransmitter.
  3. Which of the following statements is true regarding temporal summation in the post-synaptic cell? *A) The sum of simultaneously arriving neurotransmitters from different presynaptic nerve cells determines whether the postsynaptic cell fires. B) Several action potentials arrive in fast succession without allowing the postsynaptic cell to return to its resting potential. C) Several IPSPs arrive concurrently, bringing the presynaptic cell closer to its threshold. D) Several postsynaptic cells fire at the same time when neurotransmitters are released from several synaptic terminals simultaneously. E) The voltage spike of the action potential that is initiated is higher than normal. The following 50 questions are review questions covering the whole semester. Each is worth 1 point. Use the following answers for questions 51 to 55. Each answer can be used ONE TIME, MULTIPLE TIMES or NO TIMES. a. Endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi Body c. Lysosome d. Plasma membrane e. Integral protein
  1. Contains enzymes for digestion C
  2. Often has a carbohydrate chain attached E
  3. Contains cholesterol D
  4. Has smooth and rough forms A
  5. Consists largely of phospholipids

C

  1. Largely determined by potential energy and entropy D
  2. Controls enzymatic pathways E
  3. The result of active transport A
  4. Relative salinity B Use the following answers for questions 71 to 75. Each answer can be used ONE TIME, MULTIPLE TIMES or NO TIMES. a. Respiration b. Photosynthesis c. Glucose d. Oxygen e. Mitochondrion
  5. Is oxidized C
  6. Depends on sugar energy A
  7. Location of the Electron Transport Chain E
  8. Absent in fermentation D
  9. Produces CO 2 A Use the following answers for questions 76 to 80. Each answer can be used ONE TIME, MULTIPLE TIMES or NO TIMES. a. Substrate level phosphorylation b. Oxidative phosphorylation c. CAM plants d. Chlorophyll A e. ATP Synthase
  10. In photosynthesis this is called “photophosphorylation” B
  11. Transfers sun energy to the electron transport chain D
  12. Performs oxidative phosphorylation E
  13. Evolved in response to the problem of water loss during photosynthesis C
  14. Doesn’t absorb green light D Use the following answers for questions 81 to 85. Each answer can be used ONE TIME, MULTIPLE TIMES or NO TIMES.

a. Meiosis b. Mitosis c. Diploid d. Haploid e. Zygote

  1. Gametes are? D
  2. Gametes produce this? E
  3. Somatic cells are? C
  4. Somatic cells reproduce via? B
  5. Zygotes reproduce via? B Use the following answers for questions 86 to 90. Each answer can be used ONE TIME, MULTIPLE TIMES or NO TIMES. a. Segregation b. Independent Assortment c. Genetic linkage d. Sex Linkage e. Y chromosome
  6. Hemophilia, a blood clotting disease, predominates in European princes because of? D
  7. This refers to the distribution of alleles into gametes A
  8. This refers to genes on the same chromosome. C
  9. Maleness in humans is determined by this E
  10. This refers to the distribution of genes into gametes B Use the following answers for questions 91 to 95. Each answer can be used ONE TIME, MULTIPLE TIMES or NO TIMES. a. DNA replication b. Transcription c. Translation d. DNA e. RNA
  11. It is semi-conservative A
  12. It has anti-parallel structure D
  13. It does not occur in the nucleus