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Biology 1201 study guide for Exam 2. School year 2025
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The Theory and Practice of Science The scientific method o Testing a hypothesis Types of sciences Scientific reasoning Reporting scientific work Ethics The Study of Life Seven properties that define life and examples Diversity of Life Atoms Parts of an atom Four most common elements in biological systems Atomic number, mass number, atomic mass Isotopes, ions Electron shells and how to find how many electrons are in each shell (including valence) Be able to draw an atom’s electron configuration Types of chemical bonds (covalent, ionic, hydrogen etc.) Be able to predict if a molecule is polar or nonpolar Understand what electronegativity is and how it affects the chemical behavior of a molecule Chemical reactions and parts of the reaction Water Describe the four life-sustaining properties of water Describe what it is about water that gives it those four properties Understand what pH measures Understand the pH scale and give an example of one common solution that is at or near each of the following pH ranges: 1-2; 4-6; Neutral; 8-10; 12- Describe buffers and why they are important to living organisms Organic Chemistry Know what an organic compound is Know what hydrocarbons are and why they are called that Know about the three kinds of isomers Know the functional groups by sight and names Know which functional groups are polar and which are nonpolar
Recognize by site if a molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic Biomolecules Know the four classes of macromolecules and give an example of each Know the molecular formula proportions for carbohydrates Dehydration/hydrolysis reactions Know the monomer and polymer of each class of macromolecules if there is one Know the roles of the following carbohydrates and if they are a mono or polysaccharide: o Glucose o Starch o Glycogen o Cellulose o Chitin Know the chemical formula of glucose Know the three types of lipids and what characteristic (hydrophobic) defines all lipids Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids: know the difference, and what role they play in the fluidity of a membrane or oil Recognize an amino acid by site Know how many amino acids there are Recognize if an amino acid is hydrophilic/hydrophobic/polar/nonpolar Know the factors that can affect denaturation of a protein Four levels of protein structure and how those are held together (covalent vs. hydrogen bonds) Difference between DNA and RNA Know the structure of a nucleotide (ribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base) Know how nucleotides are linked together along one strand Know how two DNA strands are linked together Know which nucleotides pair with the other: C-G and A-T for example and how to write out the DNA/RNA strands Know which nucleotides are purines and which are pyrimidines