Download BIOLOGY 101: CLASS NOTES FOR UNIT 1 TEST 100% CORRECT/2023.Qualified and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
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Biology 9-11- Study guide: learning objectives, the study guide you create Format: 40 multiple choice 4(and a bonus) short-answer. Cells are the fundamental units of life Eukaryotes & bacteria structural difference- organelles Multi celld eukaryotes have lots of cells 37-39 trillion in humans all derived from a single cell zygote. We also have about 50 billion bacteria cells in us, they are essential to our health Most of our cells are eukaryotes. Infographic 3. Did the ancestral eukaryote have a cell wall? No, most likely not. Endosymbiosis… What are mitcochindria dervived from? Aerobic Bacteria. What do mitochondria do- what is their function? Extract energy from glucose – go ober lists of disorders What are chloroplasts derived from? Aerobic photosynthetic bacteria Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA that’s like bacterial DNA Bacteria has
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circularal chromosomes and so does chloroplasts and mitochondria. Observations/predictions powerpoint copy!!! The big one, “they are like bacteria” To an order of magnitide..
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3. Alteration of cell membranes
4. Inhibitiiin of nucleic acid synthesis
5. Antimetabolite activity
One important class of antibiotics works by disrupting cell membranes Why are these only used topically. -they could kill our good bacteria (probiotics) and our bad bacteria. It would mess with our own cell membrane. Antibiotic Resistance: Superbugs: strains of bacteria that are resistant to most sometimes all antibiotics making them very hard to treat. MRSA. Surgically had to be removed. Cut out all of the infected area. Natural selection- population of mainly susceptible bacteria with some resistant bacteria leading for the next generation to be antibiotic resistant. High number of bacteria. A few of them are resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotic kills pathogenic bacteria as well as the good bacteria with the body (probiotics). The antibiotic resistant bacteria noe proliferates without competition. The bacteria can transfer antibiotic-resistance gene to other bacteria vis plasminds. The search for new antibiotics:
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Examples of biology!!!
1. One day in 1948, a swiss naturalist, George de Mestral went
on a nature hike w his dog. He was curious about the burs attached to his pants…. 2 years later Velcro was invented!! OBSERVATIONS
2. Why are there bumps on the leading edge of the fins?
To help them swim & cut through the water and reduce drag and turbulence Now they made wind turbines & large ceiling fans Someone took this observation and explored it and put it to use in our world
▪ Creative, analytical thinking involved understanding
a system and being able to make connections between that particular systems and other systems. It’s more than memorization of facts… We want to help you develop study skills that allow you to master both routine and difficult concepts
o The assigned readings are meant to provide background
material.
o We have regular in class quizzes
What is learning?
• Knowing things in a context and being able to do something
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• Being in view of someone multitasking lowers test
performance
• Be resilient
Clicker Questions: Questions will emphasize concrete, real-world applications of concepts as well as background understanding. Biology 101 8-28- Thursday: Characteristics of Life, Evolution Biology is connected to our lives in many ways: environmental problems and solutions, genetic engineering, medicine in health. What is science? Is a process of answering questions about the natural world. -A way to engage with the world -Science is an ever-changing process.
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Cognitive domains Belief, Aesthetic, Empirical. Belief- Religions, myths Belief driven data independent. Empirical- Research history sciences. Evidence driven data dependent. Aesthetic Expression: Visual, Literature, Music, Dance. Sensibility Driven. How do they differ? But are very different in their legitimating criteria. Evolution has to happen, and it happens constantly. In discovery science: scientists describe some aspect of the world and use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions. Example: I wonder what lives under that rock?
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Statement is legitimate. The problem is have we ever seen all robin eggs? We haven’t seen robin eggs of the future. Why are they a different shade of blue? Possible hypothesis: Diets cause different shades of blue. Male robin eggs example: Male robin eggs are more diligent in caring for their kids if the eggs are a bright shade of blue. What characterizes a good hypothesis in science? Specific to the question. Consistent with the data. Naturalistic explanation. Consistent with other tested and supported knowledge and understanding. We all form test and hypotheses. Question-Hypothesis. Scientific hypothesis are testable and falsifiable.
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Hypothesis allow us to make predictions. Hypotheses are tested deductively. Controlled experiments are important in scientific inquiry. (Look at chart about coffee consumption increases short term memory chapter 1 analyze the left side) Experiments in medicine and psychology: Single blind experiments: One in which the experimental unit or subject does not know which treatment he or she is receiving Double Blind experiments: Means that neither the experimental unit nor the experimenter knows what treatment is being administered to the experimental unit. Sample size matters! Always think of sample size when analyzing or reading an experimental statistic. The larger the group of people the more likely the statistical data will be correct. Hypotheses Testing: Not all scientific questions and hypotheses can be addressed by controlled experiments. You can test unethical problems or questions. No more medical experiments on chimpanzees. 98% of our genetics are identical to chimpanzees.
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Scientific theories: Syntheses of numerous observations (data) and a number of related hypotheses that have stood up to repeated testing which explain a broad range of natural phenomena. The use of the word theory in science should not be confused with everyday theory… (textbook chart about scientific theories) Some scientific theories: Theory of universal gravitation (Newtonian mechanics) The theory of atomic structure Einstein’s theories of relativity Quantum Theory “Big Bang Theory” Cell Theory Theory of Biological evolution by natural selection. Evolution is a fact of nature. Models in Science: Models are verbal, graphical, or mathematical (or all three) representations or description sof scientific hypotheses or theories about processes in nature. Models can be used to test hypotheses.
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Representation/Simplification. The Process of Science (chart textbook) “Check this out” Generate a Question Study related literature by peer reviewed scientific literature. Make scientific hypotheses that are testable and falsifiable. The Literature of Science: Parkinson’s disease coffee connection. media and news article. Check it out Science is dynamic, and we are dealing with complicated For Thursday: Assigned material Register your clicker
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No, they are not cellular, they have DNA, they reproduce but they DON’T have metabolism.
o Fire shares properties with life, it has energy.
o A stack of wood shares properties with life, it has cells.
What is life? An outcome of living ancient events by which non-living matter became assembled into cells. A way of obtaining, using and transforming matter and energy- metabolism Homeostasis – bunny rabbits’ ears can deflect heat Reproduce - Evolve – evolutionary adaptation Living organisms represent order maintained in a temporary thermodynamic disequilibrium Growth and development (ontogeny)
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Central themes in the study of life A hierarchy of organization with emergent properties at each level. Emergent properties idea that at different levels …? “the whole is greater than the sum of its part” Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. The structures of life have order. -The continuity of life is based inheritable information in the form of DNA.
o Order- life is not a simple joke, there’s patterns that are
beautiful
o Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological
organization. The wright brothers analyzed birds and their structures to design their plane, birds have hollow bones.
o DNA the continuity
o Organisms are open systems that interact continuously with
their environments.
o Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance in living
systems: feedback systems.
o Diversity and unity are the dual faces of life on Earth. Unity at
the basic level we are connected with everything by DNA. An example of unity underlying the diversity of life: the architecture of eukaryotic cilia. Amologious (built the same
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NASAs robots look for carbon and water on other planets We need a bit of background in basic chemistry to start understanding the way cells work. Chemistry and molecules chapter 2 Element- a substance that can’t be broken down by chemical reactions. Compounds- consists of two or more elements Naturally occurring elements in the body- Trace elements - are essential to human health, zinc, copper, iodine, Iodine is needed to make the hormone thyroxine. An atom is made up of protons and neutrons located in a central nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons arranged in electron shells. Isotopes- some atoms have more neutrons and therefore have greater mass (weigh more) Water or not an atom is chemically reactive is determined by unpaired
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- basic of chemical bonds When atoms are very different in electronegativity, the more electronegative atom strips the electron from its partner. Example: sodium atom Key concepts: ionic compounds, emergent properties. A regular organization of Covalent bonds-electron sharing- the sharing of a pair of valences (outer shell) electrons by two atoms. They both share outer electrons. Key terms: molecule, covalent bond. Carbon molecules are the basic components of life. Why carbon? Carbon are naturally occurring Carbon 14 and carbon 12 builds
