Biological Psychology-Lecture Slides 05-Psychology-Andrew Weeks, Slides of Biological Psychology

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PART ONE: Methods of Studying the Nervous System 5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain 5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity 5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods 5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods 5.5 Genetic Engineering

PART TWO: Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology

5.6 Neuropsychological Testing 5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior

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Methods of Visualizing and

Stimulating the Living Human Brain

• Contrast X-rays – inject something that absorbs X-rays less or more than surrounding tissue - cerebral angiography
• X-Ray computed tomography - Computer-assisted X-ray procedure - Provides a 3-D representation of the brain

FIGURE 5.2: Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays to create a CT scan of the brain.

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Methods of Visualizing and

Stimulating the Living Human Brain

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• High resolution images
• Constructed from measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when activated within a magnetic field

Positron emission tomography (PET)

• Provides images of brain activity
• Scan is an image of levels of radioactivity in various parts of one horizontal level of the brain
• A radiolabeled substance is administered prior to the scan

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Methods of Visualizing and

Stimulating the Living Human Brain

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

• NOT a measure of neural activity
• Provides an experimental probe to alter neural activity
• TMS applies a brief, strong magnetic field that alters neural activity -- Can either activate or “deactivate” brain structures -- Observe changes in behavior

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• Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) - Measure of gross electrical activity of the brain - Uses electrodes attached to scalp
• Many techniques of EEG
  • Wave form assessment (e.g., alpha waves)
  • Event-related potentials (ERPs)
  • Combination of EEG with MRI

Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

FIGURE 5.9: The averaging of an auditory evoked potential. Averaging increases the signal- to-noise ratio

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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

Muscle tension

• Electromyography is the technique of measuring the electrical activity of muscles
• Electromyogram (EMG) indicates tension of muscles under the skin Eye movement
• Electrooculography is the technique of recording eye movements
• Electrooculogram (EOG) indicates changes in electrical potential between the front and back of the eyeball

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Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

FIGURE 5.13: The typical placement of electrodes around the eye for electrooculography. The two electrooculogram traces were recorded as the subject scanned a circle.

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Skin Conductance Cardiovascular Activity

• Measures of

electrodermal activity

• Techniques include

measurement of skin

conductance leavel

(SCL) and skin

conductance

response (SCR)

• Often used to link

physiological changes

with emotional state

• Measures include

heart rate, blood

pressure, and blood

volume

Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity

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Invasive Physiological Research Methods

Lesion methods

• Bilateral and unilateral lesions
• Several procedures each requiring careful interpretation of effects - Aspiration lesions - Radio-frequency lesions - Knife cuts - Cryogenic blockade

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Invasive Physiological Research Methods

• Electrical stimulation
  • Lesioning can be used to remove, damage, or inactivate a structure
  • Electrical stimulation may be used to ―activate‖ a structure
  • Stimulation of a structure may have an effect opposite to that seen when the structure is lesioned

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Invasive Physiological Research Methods

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Pharmacological Research Methods

• Routes of drug administration
  • Fed to subject
  • Injected through a tube into

stomach of subject

• Injected hypodermically into the

peritoneal cavity of the

abdomen, into the fatty tissue

beneath the skin, or into a large

surface vein of the subject

• Selective chemical lesions