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BIOL121 Syllabus Palm Cards- OT Test Set, Exams of Advanced Education

BIOL121 Syllabus Palm Cards- OT Test Set

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/06/2025

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BIOL121 Syllabus Palm Cards-
OT Test Set
Chem- Elements - Answer - Made of only one type of atom w/ same number of protons
- Elements have their own characteristic physical and chemical properties
- Simplest substance
Chem- Molecules - Answer - General term used to describe two or more atoms joined
together by chemical bonds.
- Element or compound
Roles of H, K, Na, C, Ca, Fe - Answer - H: component of all organic compounds
- Na: fluid balance, nervous impulse, main extracellular cation
- K: nervous impulses, main intracellular cation
- C: principle element in organic compounds
- Ca: muscle contraction, nervous impulses, blood coagulation, bones and teeth
- Fe: component of haemoglobin
- O: cellular respiration
- N: compounds of amines, amino acids and nucleic acid
- P: component of ATP
- S: found in proteins
- Cl: principle extracellular anion
- Mg: cofactor for enzymes
Anions - Answer - Negative
- Gain elec
Cations - Answer - Positive
- Lose elec
Macromolecules - Answer - Proteins: structure, haemoglobin
- Carbohydrates: ATP, glucose
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BIOL121 Syllabus Palm Cards-

OT Test Set

Chem- Elements - Answer - Made of only one type of atom w/ same number of protons

  • Elements have their own characteristic physical and chemical properties
  • Simplest substance Chem- Molecules - Answer - General term used to describe two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.
  • Element or compound Roles of H, K, Na, C, Ca, Fe - Answer - H: component of all organic compounds
  • Na: fluid balance, nervous impulse, main extracellular cation
  • K: nervous impulses, main intracellular cation
  • C: principle element in organic compounds
  • Ca: muscle contraction, nervous impulses, blood coagulation, bones and teeth
  • Fe: component of haemoglobin
  • O: cellular respiration
  • N: compounds of amines, amino acids and nucleic acid
  • P: component of ATP
  • S: found in proteins
  • Cl: principle extracellular anion
  • Mg: cofactor for enzymes Anions - Answer - Negative
  • Gain elec Cations - Answer - Positive
  • Lose elec Macromolecules - Answer - Proteins: structure, haemoglobin
  • Carbohydrates: ATP, glucose
  • Lipids/fats: energy storage, phospholipids
  • Nucleic acid (building blocks of genes): inherited genetic material, DNA/RNA
  • Functions: · Structure/form work · Storage · Messengers · Control pH and body systems - Answer - Inside and outside of cell are pH balanced to ensure homeostasis
  • Abnormal pH can damage cells and tissues disrupting body functions (break bonds, change shape of biological molecule, alter cellular functions
  • Buffer takes or releases H+ ions, prevent large pH changes
  • Blood pH 7.35-7. Cell - Answer - Group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together
  • Basic unit of life
  • Cell numbers vary in health and disease Cell membrane - Answer - Barrier: separate intracellular and extracellular fluid
  • Gatekeeper: selectively permeable (solubility, size and charge)
  • Communication: Receptor, work together, homeostasis
  • Structural features o Phospholipids
  • Hydrophilic phosphate heads
  • Hydrophobic lipid tails o Proteins- integral
  • Channels, gates or pumps
  • Carrier proteins
  • Receptors
  • Anchoring proteins

Epithelial Tissue - Answer - Covers

  • Functions: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion
  • Classified: shape and number of layers
  • Transport and movement due to shape
  • Location: lining GI tract organs, and other hollow organs, skin surfaces, mouth, pharynx, oesophagus Connective Tissue - Answer - Supports
  • Functions: support and bind other tissues
  • Classified by physical properties: connective tissue proper fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue
  • Location: Fat/ soft padding tissue, bone, tendon, above diaphragm Muscle Tissue - Answer - Moves
  • Function: contraction, control voluntary defecation and swallowing
  • Types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
  • Location: cardiac, smooth, skeletal, mouth, pharynx, oesophagus Location and function of tissue membranes - Answer - Serous
  • Cutaneous
  • Mucous
  • Synovial Serous membrane - Answer - Line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body
  • Peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities Cutaneous membrane - Answer - Skin
  • Covers body surface Mucous membrane - Answer - Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tract
  • Coated with secretions of mucous glands Synovial membrane - Answer - Line joint cavities
  • Produce fluid within the joint Diffusion - Answer - Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient
  • From high conc areas to low conc areas Osmosis - Answer - Region of high water conc to region of low water conc
  • Diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane Membrane Transport - Answer - Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport
  • Active and passive processes Simple diffusion - Answer - Movement of molecules directly through phospholipid bilayer, from high conc to low conc Facilitated diffusion - Answer - Movement from high to low conc via a channel or carrier protein, against gradient, no energy Active Transport - Answer - Movement from low to high conc, via carrier protein or channel, energy required Active and passive processes - Answer o Active: energy required, movement across membrane "against" conc gradient (low to high) o Passive: movement across membrane "down" conc gradient, no energy required (high to low) Movement of molecules - Answer - Semipermeable membrane: "leaky", allows ions and molecules
  • Lipid soluble vs water soluble
  • Charged vs uncharged molecules
  • Solute
  • Concentration gradient Lipid vs water soluble - Answer - Lipid soluble molecules pass through bilayer
  • Water soluble molecules cannot cross through phospholipid bilayer. Charged vs uncharged molecules - Answer - Changed molecules cannot directly cross through the phospholipid bilayer Solute - Answer Concentration gradient - Answer - The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion
  • Most homeostatic mechanisms are neg feedback loops
  • Used in conditions that need frequent adjustments
  • E.g. thermoregulation and calcium control Body Organisation - Answer - Atomic:
  • Molecular:
  • Cellular: group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together, basic unit of life
  • Tissue: group of similar cells working together
  • Organ: group of different tissues working together, multitasking and specialist
  • Organ system: group of atoms working together
  • Organism: e.g. human Major components of each system- Integumentary - Answer - Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands Components- Nervous - Answer brain, spinal cord, nerves, special senses Components- Endocrine - Answer glands Components- Skeletal - Answer bone, cartilage joints, bone marrow Components- Muscular - Answer skeletal muscle Components- Respiratory - Answer lungs, airways Components- Cardiovascular - Answer heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

Components- Immune - Answer bone marrow, lymphoid organs, thymus, spline

Components- Urinary - Answer kidneys, bladder, urinary tract

Components- digestive - Answer mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Components- reproductive - Answer - ovaries/testes, external genitalia, associated glands and ducts

Body Cavities - Answer - Where organ are suspended, bones and muscles

  • 2 main cavities: Abdominal cavity and Thoracic cavity separated by diaphragm
  • Closed sacks with fluid inside
  • Different/ change size and shapes to allow organs to function
  • Allow organs to expand and contract without disturbing other organs

Body cavities - Answer - Cranial cavity

  • Vertebral cavity
  • Superior mediastinum
  • Pleural cavity
  • Pericardial cavity
  • Pelvic cavity
  • Abdominopelvic cavity

Anatomical position - Answer - Standing erect head level and eyes facing forward, hands at side and palms forward legs parallel, feet flat on floor

  • Common universal reference point for describing locations in the body

Superior - Answer - Top half

  • closer to head

Inferior - Answer - Bottom half

  • closer to feet

Anterior/ Ventral - Answer towards front of body

Human chromosomes: - Answer - Number: 23 pairs

  • Sex chromosomes: Special pair of chromosomes that determine sex: X or Y chromosome in humans.
  • Autosomes: Chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome. 1-

Gene - Answer - Basic unit of heredity, passed from parent to child

  • A portion of a DNA strand that functions as a hereditary unit, is located at a particular site on a specific chromone, and codes for a specific protein or polypeptide.

Phenotype - Answer - The physical appearance or observable traits of an organism. Often determined by the genetic makeup of an individual but environment can play a role.

Genotype - Answer - Genotype: the two alleles for the gene eg. BB or Bb

  • Genetic makeup of an organism

Alelle - Answer - Any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation

Phenotype vs Genotype - Answer - Genotype is the genetic make up and phenotype is the physical characteristics

Homozygous and heterozygous - Answer - Homozygote: An individual carrying two identical alleles of a particular gene eg. AA or aa.

  • Heterozygote: An individual carrying two different alleles of a particular gene eg. Aa.

Dominant vs recessive Alleles - Answer - When 2 alleles are different one may express the phenotype (dominate allele) thereby making expression of the recessive allele

  • To express dominant trait only 1 dominant allele needs to be present (homozygous or heterozygous)
  • To express a recessive trait there must be 2 recessive alleles
  • Dominant allele written as a capital letter (B), recessive allele with a lower case letter (b)

Sex linked and autosomal alleles - Answer - When the disease allele is on the X chromosome it is sex-linked

  • Most X-linked diseases are recessive alleles
  • Males more commonly affected than females
  • X and Y chromosomes shown in genotype for sex-linked diseases

Mitosis - Answer - Cell division: replaces somatic/body cells

  • Principles: identical
  • Location: body cells
  • Results: grows tissue, replace body cells

Meiosis - Answer - Cell division: forms gametes in ovaries and testes

  • Principles: non identical
  • Location: gametes
  • Results: provide gametes
  • 4 daughter cells formed

Programmed death cells - Answer - Cells die off when no longer needed

  • intracellular death program

Virus - Answer Not living No structure Protein capsule around DNA or RNA mutates billionth of a metre

· Asexual reproduction

  • Eukaryote · Large- over 5 millionth of a metre · Multicellular · Organelles have membrane · Sexual reproduction

Bacteria- conditions - Answer - Temperature- most between 10oC- 39oC

  • pH- close to neutral/ 7
  • Oxygen · Obligate aerobes- can only grow in the presence of O · Obligate anaerobes- cannot grow in the presence of O · Facultative anaerobes +/- O

Bacteria impact - Answer

Normal flora role - Answer - our bodies in residence on various areas · bacteria- 10x more than human cells · resident flora · colonised/transient · hygiene

  • Benefits · Skin- reduce pH · Oral and Vagina- competes and inhibits pathogens and yeasts · Intestine- Excrete antibacterial chemicals, Synthesise and secrete vitamins, stimulate local immunity

Normal flora opportunistic pathogen - Answer - Common causes of opportunistic infection- genetic predisposition, chemo, HIV, bone marrow disease, pregnancy

  • Harmful effects · Competition for nutrients · Bacterial synergism- normal flora and pathogen · Endogenous disease- fever, inflammation ect. · Opportunistic infection- over growth, infection

Modes of transmission - Answer · Contact- direct or indirect · Vehicle- air, water, food · Vector- transfer of pathogens via an animal · Vector- Borne- animals and humans · Fomite-borne- transmission via an inanimate object · Vertical (transplacental)- intrauterine, postpartum

Chain of infection - Answer - Infectious agent -> reservoir-> portal of entry -> mode of transmission -> portal of exit -> susceptible host

Portals of entry and exit - Answer - Entry: site microbes enter the body

  • Exit: path by which pathogens leave the host

Sterilisation, disinfection and sanitation - Answer · Sterilisation o destruction/ elimination of all microbes o Methods · Heat · Heat and pressure · Radiation

  • Appendix
  • Other lymphoid tissue

Thymus - Answer - Location: mediastinum

  • Function: T cells mature here, makes thymosin hormones for development and maturation of T cells

Red bone marrow - Answer - Location: end of long bones, thin and flat bone

  • Function: contains stem cells produce and matures B cells and make pre t-cells/ lymphocytes

Lymph nodes - Answer - Location: along lymphatic vessels

  • Function: multiply lymphocytes and filter lymph

Spleen - Answer - Location: between diaphragm and stomach

  • Function: stores and releases blood and blood cells, site of blood production in 2nd trimester pregnancy

Tonsils - Answer Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Appendix - Answer - Matures B-cells

Lymphocytes (B and T cells) - Answer - Third line defence

  • B-cells: create antibodies
  • T-cells: immune system response

Immunity - Answer - Being immune to an antigen

1st line defence - Answer - Keep every invader out the same way via chemical and physical barriers

Physical, chemical properties of skin and mucous membrane - Answer 1. Skin- epidermis, sebum sweat

  1. Mucous membranes- mucous and hair
  2. Fluids that help protect there surfaces
  3. Defecation, vomiting, coughing and sneezing

Protection of portal of entry to the body - Answer

2nd line defences - Answer - Act once microbes have entered the body

  • Non-specific: all invaders attacked the same way
  • Innate and born with

Antimicrobial substances - Answer - Interferon interferes with viral replication and activates immune cells · Made by infected host cells and WBC · Effective against bacteria as well

  • Complement is a set of plasma proteins that complements all aspects of the immune system · Promote phagocytosis and cell lysis
  • Discourage microbial growth, 4 main types are interferons complement, iron-binding proteins and antimicrobial proteins

Phagocytes - Answer - Cell that eats abnormal cells

  • Can be fixed or free shows signs on antigen on outside of membrane
  • Macrophages and neutrophils

3rd: specific, antibodies, immune system

Properties of specific defences - Answer - Specific: 1 antigen- 1 response

  • Versatility: lymphocytes mount a response to any antigen
  • Memory: memory cell after exposure
  • Tolerance: identifies between antigen and ur cells

Immune system memory - Answer - Humoral immunity has memory · Every different antigen has a memory cell · Memory cell will remember and produce antibodies instantly next time it sees that same antigen

  • Types of T-cells · Helper- aid in maturing B cells, activation of other T cells and macrophages · Cytotoxic- destroy virus infected cells, tumour cells · Memory- hold memory of specific antigen for next infection

Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity - Answer - Cell- meditated immunity: T lymphocytes · Activated when antigen is shown on membrane of affected cell · Inside the cell · Kills abnormal cells directly- don't make antibodies · Form memory cells... immune cells

  • Humoral immunity: B lymphocytes · B-cells make antibody against the antigen: antibody- medicated immunity · Antibodies in body fluids · Antibody binds to inactive antigen

Antigens as "triggers" for B and T cell activation - Answer - Ways to activate B- cells · Phagocyte engulfs bacteria and presents antigens to helper T cells · Antigen attached to antibodies on surface of B cells

Functions of the integumentary system - Answer - Fluid

  • Vitamin D
  • Body temp
  • Excretion, absorption
  • Blood

Structure of integumentary system - Answer - Protection: skin is the most vulnerable organ of the body § Chemical barrier: skin secretions and melanin § Physical barrier: continuity of skin, water proof § Biological barrier: langerhan's cells, macrophages

  • Body temp regulation o Sweating- 500ml/day at rest o Up to 12L/day
  • Cutaneous sensation o Sensory receptors on the skin.
  • Metabolic function o Produces vitamin D for calcium and phosphorus absorption
  • Blood reservoirs o Dermis is highly vascularised o Blood can temporarily shunted from the skin and relocated to another part of the body that requires it
  • Excretion and absorption o Removal of nitrogenous wastes