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A set of practice questions covering key concepts in evolution and genetics, relevant to a biology course at the university level. The questions cover topics such as natural selection, genetic drift, speciation, and the hardy-weinberg equilibrium. Answers to each question, making it a valuable resource for students preparing for exams or quizzes.
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The human blood type AB in which both the A antigen and the B antigen are found embedded in the blood cells is an example of - ANSWERSCodominance An X-linked gene is - ANSWERSa gene on the X chromosome A man and a woman are both heterozygous carriers for the recessive allele that causes cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that they will have an offspring who has cystic fibrosis? - ANSWERS25% All the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white flowered plant have pink flowers. This means that the allele for red flowers is _______ to the allele for white flowers. - ANSWERSincompletely dominant The origin of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell is explained by - ANSWERSEndosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium Which would be most likely to be fossilized? - ANSWERSa common thick-shelled crustacean You uncovered a fossil that you suspect is around 100 million years old. Which of the radioisotope pairs in the table could you eliminate as an appropriate choice for radioisotope dating the accompanying rock? - ANSWERSCarbon-14/Nitrogen- The Earth's atmosphere has changed a lot over the past 4 billion years. One big change was due to photosynthetic organisms. Their photosynthesis increased the amount of what atmospheric gas? - ANSWERSOxygen (O2) The first living cells were most likely - ANSWERSAnaerobic prokaryotes The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes and separated from each other, is known as - ANSWERSContinental drift (plate tectonics) The likelihood of allopatric speciation increases when a splinter population is __________ and __________ the broader range of the species. - ANSWERSSmall ; isolated from
Today there are 54 different honeycreepers in Hawaii. The ancestor of the honeycreepers was the European rosefinch. The evolution of many species of honeycreeper is the result of - ANSWERSAdaptive radiation During the Beagle journey, Darwin visited islands, allowing him to compare island species with continental species. In terms of framing his theory of evolution, why was this significant? - ANSWERSBecause the island species had both similarities to their continental ancestors and unique adaptations to their island environments. Which scenario best illustrates the process of natural selection? (See image to right) These 3 breeds of dogs are the result of - ANSWERSartificial selection ( selective breeding) What field of study uses geographic distribution of extinct and living species to determine patterns of evolution? - ANSWERSBiogeography These animals are examples of _________ evolution when animals that are not closely related come to look like one another superficially because they live in a similar environment. - ANSWERSConvergent Fundamental similarity in anatomical structure due to descent from a common ancestor is called - ANSWERShomology The presence of similar gill pouches and tails in embryos of a chick, human, and cat are an example of - ANSWERSDevelopmental homology How can mean biological fitness of a population be estimated? - ANSWERSAverage the number of offspring produced by individuals in a population Which type of reproductive barrier separates 2 cricket species that live in the same ecosystem but reproduce at different times of the day - early morning and nighttime? - ANSWERSTemporal isolation A gene pool is - ANSWERSall the genes in a population The gene pool of the next generation is derived from - ANSWERSthose individuals of a population that reproduce and have viable offspring To analyze genetic variation in populations, one approach is to consider the frequency of alleles. When calculating an allele frequency for a diploid species, how many alleles are present for each gene? - ANSWERS The Hardy Weinberg equation states that that p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, the frequency of the homozygous recessive is represented by - ANSWERSq
A group of individuals that can interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring would be considered to be a species according to the ____________________ concept - ANSWERSbiological species The Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and Southern leopard frog (Rana utricularia) are morphologically similar, but their mating calls sound very different. Based on this, what is the best explanation for why these frogs are considered separate species? - ANSWERSBehavioral isolation A horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62 chromosomes. A cross between a female horse and a male donkey produces a mule, which is sterile. What type of post- zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism prevents mules from becoming a species? - ANSWERSHybrid sterility Genetic variation can occur because of - ANSWERSAll of the above Two or more homologous genes found within a particular species are called - ANSWERSAlleles Vestigial structures are anatomical structures - ANSWERSThat were functional in an ancestor but no longer have a useful function Population that experience inbreeding may also experience - ANSWERSA decrease in fitness due to an increased frequency of recessive genetic diseases The fossil record does not give us a complete picture of the history of life on Earth because - ANSWERSNot all past organisms have become fossilized During which period did the diversity of animal species increased - ANSWERSCambrian Which of the following statements regarding modern humans, H. sapiens is true? - ANSWERSAll answers are correct Which of the following scientists influenced Darwin's views on the nature of population growth? - ANSWERSMalthus What are changes in populations of living organisms that increase their ability to survive an reproduce in a particular environment? - ANSWERSAdaptations Evolution can be observed in - ANSWERSPopulation Structures that are similar to each other because they are derived from a structure in a common ancestor - ANSWERSHomologous Alternate molecular forms of a gene are - ANSWERSAlleles
Changes in allele frequencies due to random chance - ANSWERSGenetic drift