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BIOL || 331 || MIDTERM || EXAM ||
WITH || PRECISE || DETAILED ||
SOLUTIONS
what || is || the || cell || membrane || composed || of || - || Correct || answer || ✔lipids, || proteins, || and || carbohydrates what || makes || resealing || energetically || favourable || - || Correct || answer || ✔hydrophobic || core how || are || carbohydrates || in || the || membrane || found || - || Correct || answer || ✔attached || to || the || lipids || and || proteins how || is || the || membrane || held || together || - || Correct || answer || ✔non-covalent || interactions || (ionic, || h-bonds, || hydrophobic || effect, || VDWs) what || are || the || seven || functions || of || the || cell || membrane || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Energy || transductions
- || Intercellular || interactions
- || Respond || to || external || stimuli
- || Compartmentalization
- || Acting || as || a || selectively || permeable || barrier
- || Scaffold || for || biochemical || activities
- || Solute || transport what || are || the || three || types || of || membrane || lipids || - || Correct || answer || ✔cholesterol, || sphingosine, || glycerophospholipids what || is || cholesterol || - || Correct || answer || ✔sterol, || amphipathic || lipid || with || a || polar || OH || group how || far || does || cholesterol || span || - || Correct || answer || ✔one || leaflet What || do || glycerophospholipids || contain? || - || Correct || answer || ✔glycerol || backbone, || two || fatty || acids || attached || by || an || ester || linkage, || and || a || polar || head || group || attached || by || a || phosphodiester || linkage PS || net || charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔-1 || (so || +/-) PI || net || charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔-1 || (neutral) PC || net || charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 0 PE || net || charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 0
ganglioside || - || Correct || answer || ✔head || is || a || complex || sugar glycosphingolipids || - || Correct || answer || ✔cerebroside || and || ganglioside, || often || found || on || cell || surfaces || where || their || carbohydrate || structure || has || a || role || in || cell || recognition how || can || membrane || lipids || move || - || Correct || answer || ✔laterally, || cannot || flipflop floppase || - || Correct || answer || ✔keeps || PC, || SM || and || Cl || in || the || exoplasmic || leaflet flippases || - || Correct || answer || ✔keep || PS || PE || and || Pi || in || the || cytoplasmic || leaflet where || are || glycolipids || and || glycoproteins || found || - || Correct || answer || ✔outer || leaflet scramblase || - || Correct || answer || ✔disrupts || membrane || asymmetry why || is || membrane || fluidity || necessary || - || Correct || answer || ✔to || allow || compartments || to || stay || whole, || orient, || and || move, || form || protein || clusters || and || for || membrane || assembly || and || permeability What || forms || can || lipids || exist || in || - || Correct || answer || ✔lipid-ordered || (raft), || disordered, || or || solid
What || changes || fluidity || - || Correct || answer || ✔temperature, || acyl || chain || length, || saturation, || and || cholesterol || content transition || temperature || - || Correct || answer || ✔temperature || at || which || phase || transition || occurs, || dependent || on || the || lipids || present what || does || cholesterol || pack || with || and || what || does || it || form || - || Correct || answer || ✔sphingolipids || and || phospholipids, || forms || a || microdomain || abolishing || sharp || temperatures || and || making || intermediate || fluidity what || does || cholesterol || do || to || permeability || and || durability || - || Correct || answer || ✔decreases || permeability || and || increases || durability how || can || organisms || adjust || fluidity || - || Correct || answer || ✔desaturase || enzymes || to || form || double || bonds || or || phospholipases || to || reshuffle || fatty || acid || chains what || determines || the || ease || of || a || molecule || to || pass || through || the || bilayer || - || Correct || answer || ✔size, || charge || and || polarity components || of || amino || acids || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Amino || group || (N-terminus)
- || Carboxyl || group || (C-terminus)
- || R || group
- || alpha || carbon
- || hydrogen
Shapes || of || integral || membrane || protein || - || Correct || answer || ✔alpha || helix || (r) || or || beta || sheet what || do || peripheral || membrane || proteins || interact || with || - || Correct || answer || ✔polar || head || groups || of || membrane || lipids || or || integral || membrane || proteins || of || either || leaflet Peripheral || membrane || protein || roles || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || form || a || fibrillar || network || to || act || as || a || skeleton
- || enzymes
- || cell || adhesion || proteins
- || cell || signalling what || does || active || transport || need || - || Correct || answer || ✔energy || source || and || protein || pump types || of || passive || transport || - || Correct || answer || ✔diffusion || of || nonelectrolytes, || diffusion || through || an || ion || channel, || facilitative || transport Lipid || anchored || proteins || in || cytoplasmic || leaflet || are || attached || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || fatty || acid || or || prenyl || group lipid || anchored || proteins || in || exoplasmic || leaflet || are || attached || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔PI || by || a || glycosidic || linkage
Lipid || anchored || protein || roles || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || receptors
- || enzymes
- || cell || adhesion || proteins
- || cell || signalling uniporters || are... || - || Correct || answer || ✔specific, || saturable || and || regulated P-pumps || - || Correct || answer || ✔multipass || transmembrane || protien, || gets || phosphorylated Na+/K+ || pump || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 3 || Na+ || out, || 2 || K+ || in, || a || p-pump
- || E1 || state || bound || to || ATP, || binds || three || NA
- || Gate || closes, || ATP || is || hydrolyzed || and || ATPase || phosphorylated
- || ADP || released || letting || ATPase || switch || to || E2 || releasing || Na || and || binding || K
- || Gate || closes || again, || ATPase || dephosphorylated, || ATP || binds
- || In || E2 || conformation v-pumps || - || Correct || answer || ✔multisubunit || pump || found || in || membranes || of || vacuoles || and || vesicles, || pump || H+ || and || do || not || get || phosphorylated ABC || transporters || - || Correct || answer || ✔ATP-binding || cassette || transporters, || move || lipid || loving || molecules || and || can || function || as || flippases
basis || of || electrical || signalling || - || Correct || answer || ✔changes || in || the || membrane || potential potassium || leak || channels || - || Correct || answer || ✔K+ || ions || will || move || down || their || gradient || through || what || until || they || are || balanced || by || their || attraction || to || the || (-) || charged || interior three || types || of || stimuli || for || a || channel || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || voltage-gated 2)mechanical || stress
- || ligand || binding what || do || neurons || do || - || Correct || answer || ✔initiate || a || change || in || membrane || potential || that || gets || spread || and || is || substantial what || prevents || attenuation || of || a || signal || - || Correct || answer || ✔amplification what || pumps || does || the || axon || have || - || Correct || answer || ✔voltage || gated || K || and || Na || channels, || and || the || Na+/K+ || pump Action || potential || phases || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || depolarization: || Na || channels || open || and || sodium || floods || into || the || axon, || becomes || very || positive
- || repolarization: || channels || close || and || K || channel || opens, || becomes || negative || again
- || resting: || canot || be || restimmulated
how || do || the || action || potential || channels || close || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || inactivation || peptide || attaches || to || them what || does || the || endomembrane || system || apply || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔eukaryotic || cells what || does || the || endomembrane || system || include || - || Correct || answer || ✔nuclear || envelope, || endoplasmic || reticulum, || golgi || apparatus, || lysosomes, || vacuoles || and || the || plasma || membrane. why || are || mitochondria || and || chloroplasts || not || in || the || endomembrane || system || - || Correct || answer || ✔unique || functions || and || proteins What || does || the || endomembrane || system || do? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || biosynthesis, || modification, || and || transport || of || biomolecules || in || the || cell
- || endo || or || exocytosis Key || players || of || transportation || in || the || endomembrane || system || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Membrane || proteins: || act || as || receptors || to || recognize || and || bind || biomolecules || to || be || transported
- || Proteins || to || allow || for || budding || and || vesicle || formation
- || Vesicles: || the || means || of || transportation || between || compartments
- || ways || for || vesicles || to || find || the || right || compartment
- || membrane || proteins || to || let || vesicles || bind || and || fuse
- || GTPs || hydrolyzed || as || it || binds, || making || a || conformational || change || releasing || the || SRP
- || ribosome || binds || to || the || transocon
- || signal || sequence || enters || the || translocon || and || translation || resumes. || It || reaches || the || plug || in || the || translocon || opening || the || channel
- || Signal || peptidase || cleaves || the || signal || off, || and || chaperones || like || BiP || let || the || protien || fold || into || the || right || conformation Ribosome || direction || difference || in || group || 2 || hydrophobic || protiens || - || Correct || answer || ✔translocon || has || a || clam || shaped || conformation || that || lets || it || find || the || hydrophobic || segments || and || determine || the || protien || topology positive || inside || rule || - || Correct || answer || ✔lumen || is || more || positive || so || has || negative || proteins, || and || negative || cytosol || has || more || positive || proteins. Two || steps || after || protein || translocation || - || Correct || answer || ✔glycosylation || (add || sugars) || and || quality || control Glycosylation || types || - || Correct || answer || ✔N || and || O || linked Where || does || N-linked || glycosylation || occur? || - || Correct || answer || ✔lumen || of || the || ER where || do || unfolded || protiens || get || destroyed || - || Correct || answer || ✔cytosol
Protein || destruction || steps || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || 2 || of || 3 || glucose || removed || by || glucosidase || I || and || II
- || protein || binds || to || a || chaperon || (cal || nexin || or || cal || reticulin)
- || glucosidase || ii || removes || the || final || glucose, || protein || gets || released || from || the || chaperone
- || misfolded || protein || is || recognized || by || UGGT || which || adds || back || the || terminal || glucose
- || Protein || rebinds || to || the || chaperone
- || Glucose || is || removed || and || protein || is || rechecked, || process || may || repeat if || this || fails || the || protein || is || destroyed autoradiography || - || Correct || answer || ✔pulse || chase || experiment || that || let || us || discover || how || vesicles || move || proteins, || GFP || had || same || conclusion || too How || are || vesicles || formed || - || Correct || answer || ✔pinch || off || as || section || of || the || cell || membrane || and || they || fuse || to || the || acceptor || membrane are || vesicles || unidirectional || - || Correct || answer || ✔yes, || they || cannot || do || import || and || export || at || the || same || time what || coats || vesicles || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || layer || of || proteins || and || each || one || has || a || distinct || protein || coat
- || Sec13 || and || Sec31 || bind || to || the || membrane || to || form || the || outer || structural || cage || of || the || protein || coat
- || bud || gets || separated How || do || copII || vesicles || fuse || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || disassembly || of || protein || coat || by || hydrolysis || of || the || bound || GTP || to || produce || the || SAR-GDP || subunitaking || the || other || subunits || get || released
- || Vesicle || is || tethered || by || the || G-protein || Rab || which || recruits || the || golgi || tethering || protiens
- || V-snares || (vesicle) || and || T-snares || (target || membrane) || dock || the || vesicle || to || the || membrane
- || Fuses || to || membrane CopI || vesicle || coat || is || made || up || of || what || - || Correct || answer || ✔cotamer || complex || containing || 7 || proteins, || one || of || which || is || a || G-protein || called || Arf what || do || proteins || supposed || to || stay || in || the || ER || have || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || KDEL || sequence || recognized || by || the || KDEL || receptor what || proteins || let || the || COPI || vesicle || bind || - || Correct || answer || ✔t-snares, || v-snares, || and || Arf what || is || subcellular || fractionation || used || to || study || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || molecular || composition || of || cellular || organelles
How || does || subcellular || fractionation || work? || - || Correct || answer || ✔breaks || up || cells || and || isolates || the || organelles.
- || cells || are || broken || under || force || in || an || isotonic || buffered || solution ||
- || homogenate || spun || in || a || centrifuge || to || separate || the || cellular || components || by || density
- || supernatant || spun || again || at || a || higher || speed || to || isolate || microsomes
- || formed || pellet || gets || resuspended || and || gently || layered || on || top || of || a || sucrose || density || gradient
- || organelles || sediment || by || density || forming || bands microsome || - || Correct || answer || ✔name || of || the || vesicles || formed || from || fragmented || membranes || of || the || organelles || of || the || endomembane || system || during || subcellular || fractionation || with || different || properties why || is || an || isotonic || buffered || solution || used || in || subcellular || fractionation || - || Correct || answer || ✔to || prevent || the || rupture || of || the || membrane || due || to || osmosis what || does || fluorescence || microscopy || let || us || see || - || Correct || answer || ✔dynamic || events || that || occur || at || the || molecular || level || letting || us || study || spatial || and || temporal || protien || distribution || in || living || cells what || does || fluorescence || microscopy || depend || on || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || presence || of || fluorophores || which || cause || cell || components || to || glow || by || absorbing || a || photon || and || releasing || a || portion || of || its || energy || in || longer || wavelengths || through || fluorescene.
- || signal-mediated || diversion regulated || secretion || - || Correct || answer || ✔involves || secretory || granules || that || only || fuse || with || the || PM || after || a || signal constitutive || secretion || - || Correct || answer || ✔involves || lipids, || IMPs, || or || some || proteins || and || occurs || constantly signal-mediated || diversion || - || Correct || answer || ✔goes || to || the || lysosomes how || does || the || trans || golgi || know || which || path || a || biomolecule || should || take || in || anterograde || transport || - || Correct || answer || ✔they || have || a || "postal || code" || that || contain || signals || for || cell || macinery lysosome || - || Correct || answer || ✔digestive || organelle || containing || different || types || of || enzymes || to || break || down || a || biomolecule. contains || a || v-pump || to || let || H || in || and || its || pH || is || acidic || around || 5 what || do || proteins || destined || for || the || lysosome || get || tagged || with || - || Correct || answer || ✔mannose-6-phosphate || residues || by || the || cis-golgi what || recognizes || the || postal || code || on || proteins || destined || for || the || lysosomes || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || IMP || in || clathrin-coated || vesicles || called || the || mannose-6- phosphate || receptor
what || do || the || coats || of || clathrin || coated || vesiceles || contain || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || outer || lattice || of || clathrin, || an || inner || shell || of || GGA || adaptor || proteins || that || interact || with || clathrin, || MPR, || G-protein, || and || a || G-protein || called || ARF-1-GTP what || does || ARF-1-GTP || do || for || clathrin || coated || vesicles || - || Correct || answer || ✔initiates || membrane || curvature || and || recruits || adaptors fusion || of || clathrin-coated || vesicles || - || Correct || answer || ✔coat || shed || before || fusion, || and || Rab, || t-snares || and || v-snares || let || it || fuse || with || the || lysosome What || two || things || moves || a || vesicle || to || its || destination || - || Correct || answer || ✔network || of || protein || tracts || made || up || of || microtubules || and || microfilaments, || and || a || protein || motor || (kinesin, || dynein, || and || myosin || V) where || are || the || protein || tracks || located, || what || do || they || do, || and || what || are || they || made || of? || - || Correct || answer || ✔cytoskeleton, || provide || routes || between || different || members || of || the || plasma || membrane || and || endomembrane || system, || and || they || consist || of || protein || polymers Where || do || microtubules || extend || from || and || how? || - || Correct || answer || ✔from || the || perinuclear || region || of || the || cell || in || a || radial || array, || and || they || curve || gradually || to || conform || to || the || shape || of || the || cell Microtubules || - || Correct || answer || ✔stiff || hollow || tubes || made || up || of || 13 || parallel, || long || polymers || called || protofilaments
