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Cell Membrane Structure and Function: A Detailed Exam Prep, Exams of Biology

A detailed overview of the cell membrane, covering its composition, structure, and functions. It includes key concepts such as lipid types (cholesterol, sphingosine, glycerophospholipids), membrane fluidity, and the roles of various proteins. The document also explores transport mechanisms, including passive and active transport, and the electrochemical gradient. It serves as a comprehensive study guide for understanding the cell membrane's critical role in cellular processes, offering precise solutions to potential exam questions. This material is designed to help students grasp the complexities of membrane biology and prepare for assessments. It is a valuable resource for students studying cell biology, biochemistry, and related fields, providing a solid foundation in membrane structure and function.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/03/2025

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BIOL || 331 || MIDTERM || EXAM ||
WITH || PRECISE || DETAILED ||
SOLUTIONS
what || is || the || cell || membrane || composed || of || - || Correct || answer || lipids, || proteins, ||
and || carbohydrates
what || makes || resealing || energetically || favourable || - || Correct || answer ||
hydrophobic || core
how || are || carbohydrates || in || the || membrane || found || - || Correct || answer || attached ||
to || the || lipids || and || proteins
how || is || the || membrane || held || together || - || Correct || answer || non-covalent ||
interactions || (ionic, || h-bonds, || hydrophobic || effect, || VDWs)
what || are || the || seven || functions || of || the || cell || membrane || - || Correct || answer || 1. ||
Energy || transductions
2. || Intercellular || interactions
3. || Respond || to || external || stimuli
4. || Compartmentalization
5. || Acting || as || a || selectively || permeable || barrier
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BIOL || 331 || MIDTERM || EXAM ||

WITH || PRECISE || DETAILED ||

SOLUTIONS

what || is || the || cell || membrane || composed || of || - || Correct || answer || ✔lipids, || proteins, || and || carbohydrates what || makes || resealing || energetically || favourable || - || Correct || answer || ✔hydrophobic || core how || are || carbohydrates || in || the || membrane || found || - || Correct || answer || ✔attached || to || the || lipids || and || proteins how || is || the || membrane || held || together || - || Correct || answer || ✔non-covalent || interactions || (ionic, || h-bonds, || hydrophobic || effect, || VDWs) what || are || the || seven || functions || of || the || cell || membrane || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Energy || transductions

  1. || Intercellular || interactions
  2. || Respond || to || external || stimuli
  3. || Compartmentalization
  4. || Acting || as || a || selectively || permeable || barrier
  1. || Scaffold || for || biochemical || activities
  2. || Solute || transport what || are || the || three || types || of || membrane || lipids || - || Correct || answer || ✔cholesterol, || sphingosine, || glycerophospholipids what || is || cholesterol || - || Correct || answer || ✔sterol, || amphipathic || lipid || with || a || polar || OH || group how || far || does || cholesterol || span || - || Correct || answer || ✔one || leaflet What || do || glycerophospholipids || contain? || - || Correct || answer || ✔glycerol || backbone, || two || fatty || acids || attached || by || an || ester || linkage, || and || a || polar || head || group || attached || by || a || phosphodiester || linkage PS || net || charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔-1 || (so || +/-) PI || net || charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔-1 || (neutral) PC || net || charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 0 PE || net || charge || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 0

ganglioside || - || Correct || answer || ✔head || is || a || complex || sugar glycosphingolipids || - || Correct || answer || ✔cerebroside || and || ganglioside, || often || found || on || cell || surfaces || where || their || carbohydrate || structure || has || a || role || in || cell || recognition how || can || membrane || lipids || move || - || Correct || answer || ✔laterally, || cannot || flipflop floppase || - || Correct || answer || ✔keeps || PC, || SM || and || Cl || in || the || exoplasmic || leaflet flippases || - || Correct || answer || ✔keep || PS || PE || and || Pi || in || the || cytoplasmic || leaflet where || are || glycolipids || and || glycoproteins || found || - || Correct || answer || ✔outer || leaflet scramblase || - || Correct || answer || ✔disrupts || membrane || asymmetry why || is || membrane || fluidity || necessary || - || Correct || answer || ✔to || allow || compartments || to || stay || whole, || orient, || and || move, || form || protein || clusters || and || for || membrane || assembly || and || permeability What || forms || can || lipids || exist || in || - || Correct || answer || ✔lipid-ordered || (raft), || disordered, || or || solid

What || changes || fluidity || - || Correct || answer || ✔temperature, || acyl || chain || length, || saturation, || and || cholesterol || content transition || temperature || - || Correct || answer || ✔temperature || at || which || phase || transition || occurs, || dependent || on || the || lipids || present what || does || cholesterol || pack || with || and || what || does || it || form || - || Correct || answer || ✔sphingolipids || and || phospholipids, || forms || a || microdomain || abolishing || sharp || temperatures || and || making || intermediate || fluidity what || does || cholesterol || do || to || permeability || and || durability || - || Correct || answer || ✔decreases || permeability || and || increases || durability how || can || organisms || adjust || fluidity || - || Correct || answer || ✔desaturase || enzymes || to || form || double || bonds || or || phospholipases || to || reshuffle || fatty || acid || chains what || determines || the || ease || of || a || molecule || to || pass || through || the || bilayer || - || Correct || answer || ✔size, || charge || and || polarity components || of || amino || acids || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Amino || group || (N-terminus)

  1. || Carboxyl || group || (C-terminus)
  2. || R || group
  3. || alpha || carbon
  4. || hydrogen

Shapes || of || integral || membrane || protein || - || Correct || answer || ✔alpha || helix || (r) || or || beta || sheet what || do || peripheral || membrane || proteins || interact || with || - || Correct || answer || ✔polar || head || groups || of || membrane || lipids || or || integral || membrane || proteins || of || either || leaflet Peripheral || membrane || protein || roles || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || form || a || fibrillar || network || to || act || as || a || skeleton

  1. || enzymes
  2. || cell || adhesion || proteins
  3. || cell || signalling what || does || active || transport || need || - || Correct || answer || ✔energy || source || and || protein || pump types || of || passive || transport || - || Correct || answer || ✔diffusion || of || nonelectrolytes, || diffusion || through || an || ion || channel, || facilitative || transport Lipid || anchored || proteins || in || cytoplasmic || leaflet || are || attached || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || fatty || acid || or || prenyl || group lipid || anchored || proteins || in || exoplasmic || leaflet || are || attached || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔PI || by || a || glycosidic || linkage

Lipid || anchored || protein || roles || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || receptors

  1. || enzymes
  2. || cell || adhesion || proteins
  3. || cell || signalling uniporters || are... || - || Correct || answer || ✔specific, || saturable || and || regulated P-pumps || - || Correct || answer || ✔multipass || transmembrane || protien, || gets || phosphorylated Na+/K+ || pump || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 3 || Na+ || out, || 2 || K+ || in, || a || p-pump
  1. || E1 || state || bound || to || ATP, || binds || three || NA
  2. || Gate || closes, || ATP || is || hydrolyzed || and || ATPase || phosphorylated
  3. || ADP || released || letting || ATPase || switch || to || E2 || releasing || Na || and || binding || K
  4. || Gate || closes || again, || ATPase || dephosphorylated, || ATP || binds
  5. || In || E2 || conformation v-pumps || - || Correct || answer || ✔multisubunit || pump || found || in || membranes || of || vacuoles || and || vesicles, || pump || H+ || and || do || not || get || phosphorylated ABC || transporters || - || Correct || answer || ✔ATP-binding || cassette || transporters, || move || lipid || loving || molecules || and || can || function || as || flippases

basis || of || electrical || signalling || - || Correct || answer || ✔changes || in || the || membrane || potential potassium || leak || channels || - || Correct || answer || ✔K+ || ions || will || move || down || their || gradient || through || what || until || they || are || balanced || by || their || attraction || to || the || (-) || charged || interior three || types || of || stimuli || for || a || channel || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || voltage-gated 2)mechanical || stress

  1. || ligand || binding what || do || neurons || do || - || Correct || answer || ✔initiate || a || change || in || membrane || potential || that || gets || spread || and || is || substantial what || prevents || attenuation || of || a || signal || - || Correct || answer || ✔amplification what || pumps || does || the || axon || have || - || Correct || answer || ✔voltage || gated || K || and || Na || channels, || and || the || Na+/K+ || pump Action || potential || phases || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || depolarization: || Na || channels || open || and || sodium || floods || into || the || axon, || becomes || very || positive
  1. || repolarization: || channels || close || and || K || channel || opens, || becomes || negative || again
  2. || resting: || canot || be || restimmulated

how || do || the || action || potential || channels || close || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || inactivation || peptide || attaches || to || them what || does || the || endomembrane || system || apply || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔eukaryotic || cells what || does || the || endomembrane || system || include || - || Correct || answer || ✔nuclear || envelope, || endoplasmic || reticulum, || golgi || apparatus, || lysosomes, || vacuoles || and || the || plasma || membrane. why || are || mitochondria || and || chloroplasts || not || in || the || endomembrane || system || - || Correct || answer || ✔unique || functions || and || proteins What || does || the || endomembrane || system || do? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || biosynthesis, || modification, || and || transport || of || biomolecules || in || the || cell

  1. || endo || or || exocytosis Key || players || of || transportation || in || the || endomembrane || system || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Membrane || proteins: || act || as || receptors || to || recognize || and || bind || biomolecules || to || be || transported
  1. || Proteins || to || allow || for || budding || and || vesicle || formation
  2. || Vesicles: || the || means || of || transportation || between || compartments
  3. || ways || for || vesicles || to || find || the || right || compartment
  4. || membrane || proteins || to || let || vesicles || bind || and || fuse
  1. || GTPs || hydrolyzed || as || it || binds, || making || a || conformational || change || releasing || the || SRP
  2. || ribosome || binds || to || the || transocon
  3. || signal || sequence || enters || the || translocon || and || translation || resumes. || It || reaches || the || plug || in || the || translocon || opening || the || channel
  4. || Signal || peptidase || cleaves || the || signal || off, || and || chaperones || like || BiP || let || the || protien || fold || into || the || right || conformation Ribosome || direction || difference || in || group || 2 || hydrophobic || protiens || - || Correct || answer || ✔translocon || has || a || clam || shaped || conformation || that || lets || it || find || the || hydrophobic || segments || and || determine || the || protien || topology positive || inside || rule || - || Correct || answer || ✔lumen || is || more || positive || so || has || negative || proteins, || and || negative || cytosol || has || more || positive || proteins. Two || steps || after || protein || translocation || - || Correct || answer || ✔glycosylation || (add || sugars) || and || quality || control Glycosylation || types || - || Correct || answer || ✔N || and || O || linked Where || does || N-linked || glycosylation || occur? || - || Correct || answer || ✔lumen || of || the || ER where || do || unfolded || protiens || get || destroyed || - || Correct || answer || ✔cytosol

Protein || destruction || steps || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || 2 || of || 3 || glucose || removed || by || glucosidase || I || and || II

  1. || protein || binds || to || a || chaperon || (cal || nexin || or || cal || reticulin)
  2. || glucosidase || ii || removes || the || final || glucose, || protein || gets || released || from || the || chaperone
  3. || misfolded || protein || is || recognized || by || UGGT || which || adds || back || the || terminal || glucose
  4. || Protein || rebinds || to || the || chaperone
  5. || Glucose || is || removed || and || protein || is || rechecked, || process || may || repeat if || this || fails || the || protein || is || destroyed autoradiography || - || Correct || answer || ✔pulse || chase || experiment || that || let || us || discover || how || vesicles || move || proteins, || GFP || had || same || conclusion || too How || are || vesicles || formed || - || Correct || answer || ✔pinch || off || as || section || of || the || cell || membrane || and || they || fuse || to || the || acceptor || membrane are || vesicles || unidirectional || - || Correct || answer || ✔yes, || they || cannot || do || import || and || export || at || the || same || time what || coats || vesicles || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || layer || of || proteins || and || each || one || has || a || distinct || protein || coat
  1. || Sec13 || and || Sec31 || bind || to || the || membrane || to || form || the || outer || structural || cage || of || the || protein || coat
  2. || bud || gets || separated How || do || copII || vesicles || fuse || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || disassembly || of || protein || coat || by || hydrolysis || of || the || bound || GTP || to || produce || the || SAR-GDP || subunitaking || the || other || subunits || get || released
  3. || Vesicle || is || tethered || by || the || G-protein || Rab || which || recruits || the || golgi || tethering || protiens
  4. || V-snares || (vesicle) || and || T-snares || (target || membrane) || dock || the || vesicle || to || the || membrane
  5. || Fuses || to || membrane CopI || vesicle || coat || is || made || up || of || what || - || Correct || answer || ✔cotamer || complex || containing || 7 || proteins, || one || of || which || is || a || G-protein || called || Arf what || do || proteins || supposed || to || stay || in || the || ER || have || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || KDEL || sequence || recognized || by || the || KDEL || receptor what || proteins || let || the || COPI || vesicle || bind || - || Correct || answer || ✔t-snares, || v-snares, || and || Arf what || is || subcellular || fractionation || used || to || study || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || molecular || composition || of || cellular || organelles

How || does || subcellular || fractionation || work? || - || Correct || answer || ✔breaks || up || cells || and || isolates || the || organelles.

  1. || cells || are || broken || under || force || in || an || isotonic || buffered || solution ||
  2. || homogenate || spun || in || a || centrifuge || to || separate || the || cellular || components || by || density
  3. || supernatant || spun || again || at || a || higher || speed || to || isolate || microsomes
  4. || formed || pellet || gets || resuspended || and || gently || layered || on || top || of || a || sucrose || density || gradient
  5. || organelles || sediment || by || density || forming || bands microsome || - || Correct || answer || ✔name || of || the || vesicles || formed || from || fragmented || membranes || of || the || organelles || of || the || endomembane || system || during || subcellular || fractionation || with || different || properties why || is || an || isotonic || buffered || solution || used || in || subcellular || fractionation || - || Correct || answer || ✔to || prevent || the || rupture || of || the || membrane || due || to || osmosis what || does || fluorescence || microscopy || let || us || see || - || Correct || answer || ✔dynamic || events || that || occur || at || the || molecular || level || letting || us || study || spatial || and || temporal || protien || distribution || in || living || cells what || does || fluorescence || microscopy || depend || on || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || presence || of || fluorophores || which || cause || cell || components || to || glow || by || absorbing || a || photon || and || releasing || a || portion || of || its || energy || in || longer || wavelengths || through || fluorescene.
  1. || signal-mediated || diversion regulated || secretion || - || Correct || answer || ✔involves || secretory || granules || that || only || fuse || with || the || PM || after || a || signal constitutive || secretion || - || Correct || answer || ✔involves || lipids, || IMPs, || or || some || proteins || and || occurs || constantly signal-mediated || diversion || - || Correct || answer || ✔goes || to || the || lysosomes how || does || the || trans || golgi || know || which || path || a || biomolecule || should || take || in || anterograde || transport || - || Correct || answer || ✔they || have || a || "postal || code" || that || contain || signals || for || cell || macinery lysosome || - || Correct || answer || ✔digestive || organelle || containing || different || types || of || enzymes || to || break || down || a || biomolecule. contains || a || v-pump || to || let || H || in || and || its || pH || is || acidic || around || 5 what || do || proteins || destined || for || the || lysosome || get || tagged || with || - || Correct || answer || ✔mannose-6-phosphate || residues || by || the || cis-golgi what || recognizes || the || postal || code || on || proteins || destined || for || the || lysosomes || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || IMP || in || clathrin-coated || vesicles || called || the || mannose-6- phosphate || receptor

what || do || the || coats || of || clathrin || coated || vesiceles || contain || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || outer || lattice || of || clathrin, || an || inner || shell || of || GGA || adaptor || proteins || that || interact || with || clathrin, || MPR, || G-protein, || and || a || G-protein || called || ARF-1-GTP what || does || ARF-1-GTP || do || for || clathrin || coated || vesicles || - || Correct || answer || ✔initiates || membrane || curvature || and || recruits || adaptors fusion || of || clathrin-coated || vesicles || - || Correct || answer || ✔coat || shed || before || fusion, || and || Rab, || t-snares || and || v-snares || let || it || fuse || with || the || lysosome What || two || things || moves || a || vesicle || to || its || destination || - || Correct || answer || ✔network || of || protein || tracts || made || up || of || microtubules || and || microfilaments, || and || a || protein || motor || (kinesin, || dynein, || and || myosin || V) where || are || the || protein || tracks || located, || what || do || they || do, || and || what || are || they || made || of? || - || Correct || answer || ✔cytoskeleton, || provide || routes || between || different || members || of || the || plasma || membrane || and || endomembrane || system, || and || they || consist || of || protein || polymers Where || do || microtubules || extend || from || and || how? || - || Correct || answer || ✔from || the || perinuclear || region || of || the || cell || in || a || radial || array, || and || they || curve || gradually || to || conform || to || the || shape || of || the || cell Microtubules || - || Correct || answer || ✔stiff || hollow || tubes || made || up || of || 13 || parallel, || long || polymers || called || protofilaments