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This document is the complete BIOL 320 Exam 1 for 2025, featuring all questions and correct answers, graded A+, and verified as the latest version. It serves as an excellent study guide for students preparing for this exam, covering essential topics in biology, particularly focusing on the nervous and endocrine systems. The exam explores the role of the nervous system in responses to stimuli like touching a hot surface and delves into the various types of controlled hormonal release—humoral, hormonal, and neural. It highlights the function of the parathyroid gland in calcium regulation and the distinct characteristics of endocrine versus exocrine systems, emphasizing the slower hormone secretion without ducts in endocrine systems compared to the faster enzyme secretion with ducts in exocrine systems.
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When someone touches a hot hot surface, which system causes him to move his hand? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------nervous system What are the 3 types of controlled hormonal release? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------humoral hormonal neural The capillary, calcium, parathyroid gland, PTH, and the secretion of parathyroid hormone is what type of hormonal release? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
The fight or stress, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, gonad, stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones is what type of hormonal release? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------hormonal ____ are any class of aromatic amines that includes a number of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and dopamine ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------catecholamine How is the secretion rate controlled for most hormones? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------negative feedback Adrenaline goes back to pituitary gland to signal the adrenal gland to stop production of adrenaline Positive or negative feedback? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------negative The anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone that travels to the target endocrine gland. This hormone secreted by target endocrine gland stops production of tropic hormone from anterior pituitary and hypothalamus Positive or negative feedback? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------negative
Hormones are ____ messenger systems ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- primary Some hormones receptors linked to stimulatory G proteins, ____ cAMP, turn __ response ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------activate on Other hormone receptors lined to inhibitory G proteins, ___ cAMP, turn __ response ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------reduce off What hormones function through activation of phospholipase C? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------oxytocin antidiuretic hormone epinephrine ___ protein activates phospholipase C enzyme ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----G
pituitary gland is a ____ gland that secretes hormones directly into the _____. ---- -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ductless bloodstream Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------its hormones regulate other important endocrine glands Where is the pituitary gland located? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- underside of the brain What controls the pituitary gland? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- hypothalamus How many lobes are these in humans? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------2: anterior and posterior ____ lobe contains abundant hormone secreting epithelial cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------anterior
What is the origin of hypothalamus? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------made from nervous tissue that came from ectoderm What is the origin of anterior lobe? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------derived from oral ectoderm What is the origin of posterior lobe? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- derives from the neural ectoderm Can the anterior or posterior produce their own hormones? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------anterior: yes posterior: no ADH is produced by ____ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------hypothalmus How does the hypothalamus communicate with the different lobes of the pituitary gland? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a stalk of blood vessels via hormones
oxytocin is produced by ___ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------hypothalamus If a person has a defect that causes a shortage of ADH, what happens to urine production? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------increase in urine If a person has a defect that causes an increase of ADH, what happens to urine production? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------decrease in urine What inhibits/ reduces the production of ADH? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----coffee alcohol ____ insipidus is caused by a lack of ADH ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- diabetes ADH functions to prevent ____ ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------dehydration ____ hormone stimulates thyroid to produces TSH ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------thyrotropin releasing (TRH)
glucose fatty Endocrine system is an ____ and a ____. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- enzyme hormone ____ chemical secreted into blood, travels some distance to target tissues, to regulate near/far organ functions ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Endocrine Endocrine vs Exocrine ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------endo:
____ is secreted by testes, locally affects _____ and body wide triggers ______ activity as muscle mass, puberty ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- testosterone spermatogenesis anabolic What are the major endocrine glands? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- parathyroid pituitary pineal thyroid adrenal What organs contain endocrine cells? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------skin hypothalamus thymus heart liver stomach pancreas small intestine kidney gonads
____ glands do not utilize ducts to transport hormones to the target cells, organs, etc. ____ depends solely on ducts for the transportations of its secretions to the target cells or organs ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------endocrine exocrine _____ glands transportation of the hormones is SLOWER. ____ glands transportation of secretions are FASTER. ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------endocrine exocrine _____ glands secrete hormones. ___ glands secrete enzymes. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------endocrine exocrine ____ glands have slow response on the target's site.
___ glands have comparatively faster response on the target sites. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------endocrine exocrine What are examples of endocrine glands? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- thyroid gland liver pituitary gland thalamus gland What are examples of exocrine glands? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- salivary glands pancreas liver sebaceous What is the function of simple squamous epithelia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------secretion, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found? ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------in the trachea and upper respiratory tract What is they function of stratified squamous epithelium? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------protects underlying areas subjected to abrasion Where is stratified squamous epithelium found? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina, epidermis of skin What is the function of transition epithelium? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----stretch and permits distension of urinary organs Where is transition epithelium found? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------lines ureters, bladder and part of the urethra
What is autocrine communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- secreted by cells that tend to work in local areas What is an example of autocrine communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------sweat What is paracrine communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------goes out of cell into interstitial, local affecting chemical What is an example of paracrine communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------histamine What is neurotransmitter communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- produced by neurons, go across synaptic cleft and receptor on neuron or muscles What are examples of neurotransmitter communication? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------acetylcholine epinephrine
In hormone signaling, a small concentration of a hormone is a ____ signal and produces a ___ response whereas a larger concentration is a ___ signal and results in a ___ response. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------weak small strong greater What is are examples of hormone signalling? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --adrenaline rush angy/fight What is an example of nerve signaling? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a finger on a hot surface In nerve signaling, the strength of the signal depends on what? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the frequency In nerve signaling a low frequency of action potentials is a ___ stimulus and a higher frequency is a ____ stimulus. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------weak stronger
____ hormone regulation is the maintenance of relatively constant concentration of hormone. always consistent ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------chronic An example of chronic hormone regulation is? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----thyroid hormone _____ hormone regulation is when their is an increase or decrease of that hormone depending on our need ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------acute An example of acute hormone regulation is? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --epinephrine/ adrenaline during stress or fight _____ hormone regulation is an increase in hormone at a certain time every time ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------cyclic an example of cyclic hormone regulation would be? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------female menstrual cycle