Download BIOL 235 midterm 2 Biology (Athabasca University) practice exam questions and answers comp and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIOL 235 midterm 2 Biology (Athabasca University) practice exam
questions and answers complete solved solution all done
between the origin and insertion which is usually located proximally in limbs? - ✓✓✓Origin What happens during REVERSE MUSCLE ACTION? - ✓✓✓specific movements of the body the actions are reversed THEREFOR the positions of the origin and insertion of a muscle are switched What is a mechanical advantage using the example of a lever? - ✓✓✓if the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from the fulcrum only a small about of effort is needed to move the load Bones serve as levers and joints serve as ________ for the lever - ✓✓✓fulcrum Agonist (Prime Movers) _________ muscles while antagonist ____________ muscles - ✓✓✓contract, relax What are muscles that contract and stabilize the intermediate joints called? - ✓✓✓synergists What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves called? - ✓✓✓Compartment Origin an insertion of the masseter - ✓✓✓Origin = maxilla and zygomatic arch Insertion = angle and ramus of the mandible What is the origin of the deltoid? - ✓✓✓acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula What are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstring? - ✓✓✓semimebranosous, semitendinosus, biceps femoris What 4 muscles make up the Quads? - ✓✓✓rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis What do you call a small mass of nervous tissue that is made up primarily of neuron cell bodies? - ✓✓✓Ganglia The somatic nervous system only sends impulses to ________ muscles - ✓✓✓skeletal Fight or Flight is associated with which division of the autonomic nervous system? - ✓✓✓Sympathetic What is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential? - ✓✓✓electrical excitability What type of neurons usually have several dendrite and on axon , and are norm ally found in brain and spinal cord as well as motor neurons? - ✓✓✓Multipolar
What type of neurons have one main dendrite and one axon as well as are primarily found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and the olfactory area of brain? - ✓✓✓Bipolar What type of neurons has dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body? - ✓✓✓Unipolar or Pseudounipolar The processes of ________ make contact with blood capillaries, neurons, and the pia mater - ✓✓✓astrocytes What neuroglia has these functions?
- contain microfilaments that give them strength and allow them to support neurons
- contributes to the effectiveness of BBB 3.in embyro, they secret chemicals that regulate things
- help maintain an appropriate chemical environment for nerve impulse generation
- play a role in hearing and memory - ✓✓✓Astrocytes What neuroglia resemble astrocytes but are smaller and contain fewer processes as well as are responsible fro forming nd maintiang myelin sheath? - ✓✓✓Oligodendrocytes What neuroglia are small cells with slender processes that give them a spine like projections as well as act as phagocytes? - ✓✓✓Microglial Cells What type of neurglia cells are cuboidal and columanr arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia? they produce and possibly monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF - ✓✓✓Ependymal Cells What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS? - ✓✓✓Schwann and satellite cells What type of motor neuron directly supplies skeletal muscle fibers? - ✓✓✓lower motor neurons What do all of these factors contribute to?
- unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol
- inability of most anions to leave the cells
- electrogenic nature of the sodium potassium ATPases - ✓✓✓Resting membrane potential Hyperpolarized cells are _______ negative inside? - ✓✓✓More What mode of travel by which graded potentials die out as they spread along the membrane? - ✓✓✓decremental conduction What kind of ion channels are found in nearly all cells, including dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons? - ✓✓✓Leak channels What kind of ion channel can be found in pain receptors? - ✓✓✓mechanically-gated channels What refractory period causes voltage gated sodium channel activation gates are open as well as the voltage gated potassium channels are opening and then sodium channels are inactivating? - ✓✓✓absolute refractory period
What do you call an arrangement where sensiry nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side from which the motor nerve impulses leave it? - ✓✓✓Ipsilateral reflex What reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation - ✓✓✓tendon reflex What are these the functions of?
- mechanical protection
- homeostatic function
- circulation - ✓✓✓Cerebrospinal fluid What do the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and the reticular formation make up? - ✓✓✓The brain stem What carries out these functions? -control of the ANS -production of hormones -regulation of emotion and behavioral patterns and eating and drinking
- control of body temp -regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness - ✓✓✓the dicephalon which consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus the pineal gland is part of the ___________ system - ✓✓✓endocrine What are the roles of the epithalamus? - ✓✓✓-secrets melatonin via the pineal gland -regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, hunger, and thirst _________ are folds that occur due to the gray matter of the cortex enlarging much faster than the deeper white matter - ✓✓✓Gyri What kind of tract contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyris in the same hemisphere? - ✓✓✓association tracts what kind of tract contains axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in other cerebral hemispheres? example = corpus callosum - ✓✓✓commissural tracts what is the name of the distorted map of the body located in the primary somatosensory area? - ✓✓✓the sensory homunculus Where is the Broca`s speech area located? - ✓✓✓the frontal lobe close to the lateral cerebral sulcus What brain waves when found in an awake adult represent brain damage? - ✓✓✓delta waves What brain waves disappear during sleep? - ✓✓✓alpha waves
What waves normally occur in people experiencing with emotional stress or disorders? - ✓✓✓theta waves How many cranial special sensory nerves are there? - ✓✓✓ 3 how many cranial motor nerves are there? - ✓✓✓ 5 How many cranial mixed nerves are there? - ✓✓✓ 4 These nerves carry axons of sensory neurons and are unique to the head with a cell body located in ganglia outside the brain - ✓✓✓special sensory nerves ______________ is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environement - ✓✓✓sensation These sensory receptors are bare dendrites that lack any structural specialization. Ex: receptors for pain, temp, itch, tickle - ✓✓✓Free nerve endings What kind of receptors are associated with visceral sensation such as pressure and vibration? - ✓✓✓encapsulated nerve ending the sensation of hearing, visions, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature and pain are all conveyed by ______________ - ✓✓✓exteroceptors Where are interoceptors found? - ✓✓✓in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and the nervous system What are the proprioceptors in skeletal muscles that are responsible for monitoring changes in the length of the muscles in stretch reflexes? - ✓✓✓muscle spindles These are located at the junction of a tendon and a muscle - ✓✓✓tendon organs These neurons conduct impulses from somatic receptors into the brain or spinal cord - ✓✓✓First-order neruons These neurons conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus - ✓✓✓second-order neurons These neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side - ✓✓✓third-order neurons Nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception from the limbs, trunk, neck,, and posterior head ascend to the cerebral cortex along the __________________________ pathway - ✓✓✓posterior column-medial lemniscus Nerve impulses fro pain, temperature, itch, and tickles ascend to the cerebral cortex along the ________________________ pathway - ✓✓✓anterolateral Nerve impulses for most somatic sensation from the face, nasal cavity, oral cavity etc, ascend tot he cerebral cortex along the ______________________ pathway - ✓✓✓trigeminothalamic
What taste threshold is the lowest? - ✓✓✓Bitter taste What 3 nerves play a role in the gustatory pathway? - ✓✓✓Vagus (X) nerve, Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve, Facial (VII) nerve This is the thin protective mucous membrane composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells that is supported by areolar connective tissue - ✓✓✓conjunctiva this is a group of structures that produces and drains lacrimal fluid (tears) - ✓✓✓lacrimal apparatus What is the name of the protective bactericidal enzyme that is found in lacrimal fluid? - ✓✓✓lysozyme These 6 muscles are found where?
- superior rectus
- inferior rectus
- lateral rectus
- medial rectus
- superior oblique
- inferior oblique - ✓✓✓the eye The cornea, sclera, and the scleral venous sinus are in what layer of the eyeball? - ✓✓✓fibrous tunic The ____________ lines the posterior three quarters of the eye - ✓✓✓retina Where are these three layers found?
- photoreceptor layer
- bipolar cell layer
- ganglion cell layer - ✓✓✓in the rentina , they are the layers of retinal neurons These let us see in dim light - ✓✓✓Rods The ________________________ is a small depression in the center of the macula lutea and contains ONLY cones - ✓✓✓fovea centralis What is the name for proteins within the cells of the lens and make up the refractive media of the lens? - ✓✓✓crystallins The ________________lies between the cornea and the iris - ✓✓✓anterior chamber The __________________ lies behind the iris and in front of the zonular fibers and lens - ✓✓✓posterior chamber What pressure is produced mainly by the aqueous humor and partly by the vitreous body? - ✓✓✓intraocular pressure
What becomes more curved during accommodation? - ✓✓✓the lens __________ is when the eyeball is too long relative tot he focusing power of the cornea and lens or when the lens is thicker than normal - ✓✓✓Myopia (nearsightedness) This characteristic in humans is when both eyes focus only on one set of objects - ✓✓✓binocular vision This is the medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are directed toward the object being viewed - ✓✓✓convergence A _______________ is a coloured protein that undergoes structural changes when it absorbs light and is located in the outer segment of a photoreceptor - ✓✓✓photopigment This is the photopigment found in rods - ✓✓✓rhodopsin What is the names of the glycoprotein and derivative of vitamin that are two parts of photopigments associated with vision? - ✓✓✓opsin & retinal When cis-retinal is converted to trans-retinal it is called ______________ - ✓✓✓isomerization An enzyme called __________________ converts trans-retinal back to cis-retinal - ✓✓✓retinal isomerase The cis-retinal can bind to opsin reforming a functional photopigmetn. This part of the cycle is called ________________ - ✓✓✓regeneration The ligand _______________ holds ligand-gated Na+ channels open so in darkness, sodium ions can flow into photoreceptor outer segments - ✓✓✓cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cyclic GMP) (cGMP) The optic (II) nerve passes through the ____________________ - ✓✓✓optic chaism flap of elastic cartilage shaped like the end of a trumpet - ✓✓✓auricle or pinna Malleus = ____________ Incus = ____________ Stapes =_____________ - ✓✓✓hammer, anvil, stirrup the base or footplate of the stapes fits into the ____________________ - ✓✓✓oval widnow the _________________ is divided into 3 areas : the semicircular canals, vestibule, an dcochlea
- ✓✓✓bony labryinth The _________________ is the oval central portion of the bony labryinth - ✓✓✓vestibule At the end of each semicircular canal is a swollen enlargement called the_____________ - ✓✓✓ampulla
-protein hormones
- amino acid polymer
- Ex: oxytocin - ✓✓✓peptide hormones What water-soluble hormone does this describe?
- derived from arachidonic acid and a 20-carbon fatty acid
- 2 types: prostaglandins and leukotrienes
- local hormones
- may act as circulating hormones - ✓✓✓eicosanoid hormone While msot water-soluble proteins are in a free form , lipid-soluble hormone molecules are bound to ________________ - ✓✓✓transport protein What has these 3 functions?
- they make lipid-soluble hormones temporarily water-soluble , thus increasing thier solubility in blood
- they retard passage of small hormone molecules through the filtering mechanism in the kidneys thus slowing the rate of hormone loss int he urine
- they provide a ready reserve of hormones already present int he bloodstream - ✓✓✓transport proteins __________ is when hormones are not bound to a transport protein - ✓✓✓free fraction When a water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor at the outer surface of the plasma membrane, it acts as the __________________ - ✓✓✓first messenger one common second messenger is ________________ - ✓✓✓cyclic AMP What depends on :
- the hormones concentration in blood
- the abundance of the target cells hormones receptors
- influences exerted by other hormones - ✓✓✓the responsiveness of a target cells This is the phenomenon in which the pressure of one hormone is required in order for another hormone to exert its full effects on a target cell - ✓✓✓permissive effect The ___________ secretes several hormones that control other endocrine glands - ✓✓✓pituitary gland what connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus? - ✓✓✓infundibulum __________ secrete human growth hormone - ✓✓✓somatotrophs ____________ controls the secretion and other activities of the thyroid gland - ✓✓✓Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
What 2 hormones contribute to stimulation of secretions of estrogen and progesterone and sperm production and secretion of testosterone? - ✓✓✓follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone The _____________ stores and releases hormones but does not produce any - ✓✓✓posteiror pituitary The walls of each thyroid follicle consists of follicular cells produce what 2 hormones? - ✓✓✓thyroxine & triiodothyronine Thyroid hormones increase _______________ which is the rate of oxygen consumption under standard or basal conditions by stimulating the use of cellular oxygen to produce ATP - ✓✓✓basal metabolic rate Low blood levels of T3 and T4 or low metabolic rate stimulates the ___________ to secrete TRH - ✓✓✓hypothalamus TRH enters the hypophyseal portal veins and flows to the _____________________ where it stimulates thyrotrophs to secrete TSH - ✓✓✓anterior pituitary AN elevated level of T3 ___________ release of TRH or TSH ( negative feedback inhibition) - ✓✓✓inhibits parafollicular cells produce _________ which can decease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclasts - ✓✓✓calcitonin ______________ produce PTH - ✓✓✓chief cells (principal cells) One of he effects of PTH is on the __________ to promote formation of the hormone calcitrol which increases the amount of calcium absorbed into the blood from the GI tract - ✓✓✓kidneys High levels of Ca+ in the blood stimulates the ____________ to release more calcitonin - ✓✓✓thyroid gland parafollicular cells The outer layer of the adrenal cortex is the _______________ - ✓✓✓zona glomeruslosa The biggest zone of the adrenal cortex which secreted mainly glucocorticoids is the _________________ - ✓✓✓zona fasciculata The inner zone of the adrenal cortex is arranged in branching cords and produces small amounts of androgens and is called the ________________ - ✓✓✓zona reticularis What hormone does this describe?
- major mineralcorticoid
- regulates homeostasis of sodium and potassium ions
- helps adjust blood pressure and volume
- promotes excretion of H+ in urine (preventing acidosis) - ✓✓✓aldosterone
