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BIOL 2320 Exam 4 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS, Exams of Biology

BIOL 2320 Exam 4 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

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BIOL |\2320 |\Exam |\4 |\QUESTIONS |\WITH |\
ANSWERS
Regions |\of |\brain |\development |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔By |\the |\5th |\
week |\of |\embryonic |\development, |\the |\neural |\tube |\has |\divided |\into |\
five |\distinct |\regions:
1)Telencephalon, |\which |\eventually |\turns |\into |\the |\cerebrum.
2)Diencephalon, |\which |\eventually |\turns |\into |\the |\thalamas, |\
hypothalamus, |\and |\epithalamus
3) |\Mesencephalon, |\which |\eventually |\turns |\into |\the |\brainstem |\
between |\the |\diencephalon |\and |\the |\pons
4) |\Metencephalon, |\which |\eventually |\forms |\the |\pons |\and |\the |\
cerebellum, |\
5) |\Myelencephalon, |\eventually |\forms |\the |\medulla |\oblongata
Telencephalon |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Greek |\for |\"head |\end"), |\
which |\eventually |\forms |\the |\cerebrum
Diencephalon |\- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Greek |\for |\"through |\the |\
brain"), |\which |\eventually |\forms |\the |\thalamus, |\hypothalamus, |\and |\
epithalamus. |\- |\During |\the |\embryonic |\and |\fetal |\periods, |\the |\
telencephalon |\grows |\rapidly |\and
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BIOL |\ 2320 |\Exam |\ 4 |\QUESTIONS |\WITH |\

ANSWERS

Regions |\of |\brain |\development |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔By |\the |\5th |
week |\of |\embryonic |\development, |\the |\neural |\tube |\has |\divided |\into |
five |\distinct |\regions: 1)Telencephalon, |\which |\eventually |\turns |\into |\the |\cerebrum. 2)Diencephalon, |\which |\eventually |\turns |\into |\the |\thalamas, |
hypothalamus, |\and |\epithalamus

  1. |\Mesencephalon, |\which |\eventually |\turns |\into |\the |\brainstem |
    between |\the |\diencephalon |\and |\the |\pons
  2. |\Metencephalon, |\which |\eventually |\forms |\the |\pons |\and |\the |
    cerebellum, |\
  3. |\Myelencephalon, |\eventually |\forms |\the |\medulla |\oblongata Telencephalon |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Greek |\for |"head |\end"), |
    which |\eventually |\forms |\the |\cerebrum Diencephalon |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Greek |\for |"through |\the |
    brain"), |\which |\eventually |\forms |\the |\thalamus, |\hypothalamus, |\and |
    epithalamus. |- |\During |\the |\embryonic |\and |\fetal |\periods, |\the |
    telencephalon |\grows |\rapidly |\and

surrounds |\the |\diencephalon. Think |'di' |\as |\in |#2, |\second |\region |\of |\the |\brain. Mesencephalon |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Greek |\for |"midbrain"), |
which |\forms |\a |\short |\section |\of |\the |\brain |\stem |\between |\the |
diencephalon |\and |\the |\pons. Metencephalon |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Greek |\for |"after |\brain"), |
which |\eventually |\forms |\the |\pons |\and |\cerebellum. Myelencephalon |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Greek |\for |"medulla" |\and |"brain"), |\which |\eventually |\forms |\the |\medulla |\oblongata. Gray |\matter |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Houses: |(a) |\Motor |\neuron |\and |\interneuron |\cell |\bodies |(b) |\Dendrites |(c) |\Branching |\axon |\terminals |
(d) |\Unmyelinated |\axons Makes |\up |\the |\superficial |\layer |\of |\the |\brain Makes |\up |\the |\deep |\layer |\of |\the |\spinal |\cord Cortex |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔external |\sheets |\of |\gray |\matter |\that |
cover |\most |\of |\the |\adult |\brain

Cerebrospinal |\fluid |(CSF) |\acts |\as |\a |\cushioning |\fluid. |
Blood-brain |\barrier |\prevents |\the |\entry |\of |\harmful |\materials |\from |
the |\bloodstream. meninges |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Greek |\for |"membrane") |
[singular |= |\meninx] |\are |\three |\connective |\tissue |\layers |\that |\separate |
the |\soft |\tissue |\of |\the |\brain |\from |\the |\bones |\of |\the |\cranium, |\enclose |
and |\protect |\blood |\vessels |\that |\supply |\the |\brain, |\and |\contain |\and |
circulate |\cerebrospinal |\fluid. |\In |\addition, |\some |\parts |\form |\some |\of |
the |\veins |\that |\drain |\blood |\from |\the |\brain. pia |\mater |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Latin |\for |'delicate |\mother") |\is |
the |\innermost |\of |\the |\cranial |\meninges. |
It |\is |\composed |\of |\delicate |\connective |\tissue |\that |\is |\highly |
vascularized |\and |\which |\tightly |\adheres |\to |\the |\brain |\and |\follows |
every |\contour |\of |\the |\brain |\surface. arachnoid |\mater |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Lies |\immediately |\internal |
to |\the |\dura |\mater this |\meninx |\is |\so |\named |\because |\it |\is |\partially |\composed |\of |\a |
delicate |\web |\of |\collagen

and |\elastic |\fibers subarachnoid |\space |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Immediately |\deep |\to |
the |\arachnoid. |
The |\spider |\web-like |\extensions |\of |\the |\arachnoid |\extend |\through |\this |\space |\from |\the arachnoid |\to |\the |\underlying |\pia |\mater subdural |\space |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Potential |\space |\between |
the |\arachnoid |\and |\the |\overlying |\dura |\mater dura |\mater |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Latin |\for |"tough |\mother") |\is |
the |\most |\external |\of |\the |\meninges |\and |\is |\composed |\of |\tough, |
dense |\irregular |\connective |\tissue |\that |\has |\two |\fibrous |\layers. |
It |\is |\the |\strongest |\of |\the |\meninges. meningeal |\layer |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔layer |\of |\dura |\mater |\that |
lies |\deep |\to |\the |\periosteal |\layer The |\meningeal |\layer |\is |\usually |\fused |\to |\the |\periosteal |\layer, |\except |
in |\specific |\areas |\where |\the |\two |\layers |\separate |\to |\form |\large, |
blood-filled |\spaces |\called |"dural |\venous |\sinuses".

Has |\the |\potential |\to |\become |\a |\real |\space |\and |\fill |\with |\fluid |\or |
blood |\as |\a result |\of |\trauma |\or |\disease Cranial |\dural |\septa |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔meningeal |\layer |\of |\the |
dura |\mater |\extends |\as |\flat |\partitions |(septa) |\into |\the |\cranial |\cavity |
at |\several |\locations. |
Separate |\specific |\parts |\of |\the |\brain |\and |\provide |\additional |
stabilization |\and |\support |\for |\the |\entire |\brain. Four |\total: |\falx |\cerebri, |\tentorium |\cerebelli, |\falx |\cerebelli, |\diphragma |\sellae falx |\cerebri |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Latin |\for |"sickle-shaped" |\and |"brain") |\is |\the |\largest |\of |\the |\four dural |\septa. |
(a) |\This |\large, |\sickle-shaped |\vertical |\fold |\of |\dura |\mater, |\located |\in |
the |\midsagittal |\plane, |\projects |\into |\the |\longitudinal |\fissure |\between |\the |\left |\and |\right |\cerebral |\hemispheres. |
(b) |\The |\anterior |\attachment |\site |\for |\the |\falx |\cerebri |\is |\the |\crista |
galli |\of |\the |\ethmoid |\bone. |\

(c) |\The |\posterior |\attachment |\site |\for |\the |\falx |\cerebri |\is |\the |\superior |
portion |\of |\the |\tentorium |\cerebelli. |
(d) |\Running |\within |\the |\margins |\of |\the |\falx |\cerebri |\are |\several |\dural |
venous |\sinuses. tentorium |\cerebelli |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Latin |\for |"tent" |\and |"little |\brain") |\is |\a |\horizontally |\oriented |\fold |\of |\dura |\mater |\that |
separates |\the |\occipital |\lobe |\and |\temporal |\lobes |\of |\the |\cerebrum |
from |\the |\cerebellum. |
(a) |\There |\is |\a |\dural |\venous |\sinus |\that |\runs |\within |\its |\posterior |
border. |
(b) |\The |\anterior |\surface |\of |\the |\tentorium |\cerebelli |\has |\a |\small |\gap |
or |\opening |\called |\the |"tentorial |\notch" |("tentorial |\incisure") |\to |\allow |
for |\the |\passage |\of |\the |\brainstem. know |\location tentorial |\notch |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔("tentorial |\incisure") |\small |
gap |\or |\opening |\in |\the |\anterior |\surface |\of |\the |\tentorium |\cerebelli |\to |\allow |\for |\the |\passage |\of |\the |\brainstem

Brain |\ventricles |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Latin |\for |"little |\cavity") |\are |\cavities |\or |\expansions |\within |\the |\brain |\that |\are |\derived |\from |\the |
lumen |(opening) |\of |\the |\embryonic |\neural |\tube.

  1. |\The |\ventricles |\are |\contiguous |\with |\one |\another |\as |\well |\as |\the |
    central |\canal |\of |\the spinal |\cord. Four |\brain |\ventricles: |\ 2 |\lateral |\ventricles, |\3rd |\ventricle |\and |\4th |
    ventricle lateral |\ventricles |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Two |\in |\the |\cerebrum |(the |\first |\is |\in |\the |\right |\cerebral |\hemisphere |\while |\the |\second |\is |\in |\the |
    left |\cerebral |\hemisphere) |\and |\are |\separated |\by |\a |\thin |\medial |
    partition |\called |\the |"septum |\pellucidum" |(Latin |\for |"transparent partition"). third |\ventricle |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔smaller |\chamber |\located |
    within |\the |\diencephalon. |
    (a) |\Each |\lateral |\ventricle |\communicates |\with |\the |\third |\ventricle

fourth |\ventricle |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Ventricle |\shaped |\like |\a |
tetrahedron |\and |\is |\located |\between |\the |\pons |\and |\the |\cerebellum. |
(a) |\Narrows |\at |\its |\inferior |\end |\before |\it |\merges |\with |\the |"central |
canal" |\in |\the |\spinal |\cord. Cerebrospinal |\fluid |(CSF) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔clear, |\colorless |
liquid |\that |\circulates |\in |\the |\ventricles |\and |\subarachnoid |\space. CSF |\bathes |\the |\exposed |\surfaces |\of |\the |\central |\nervous |\system |\and |\completely |\surrounds |\it. CSF |\Functions |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔provides |\buoyancy |\so |\that |
the |\brain |\floats, |\thereby |\reducing |\its |\apparent |\weight |\by |\more |\than |\95% |\and |\preventing |\it |\from |\being |\crushed |\under |\its |\own weight |(the |\brain |\has |\the |\consistency |\of |\firm |\Jell-O). |(a) |\When |\CSF |
is |\removed |\during |\spinal |\taps, |\many |\persons |\complain |\of |
headaches, |\caused |\in |\part |\by |\a |\loss |\of |\this |\cushioning |\buoyancy. |\2) |\The |\CSF |\provides |\protection |\by |\creating |\a |\liquid |\cushion |\to |\protect |\the |\brain |\from |\sudden |\movements. |(a) |\Read |\about |\brain |\injuries |\in |\the |\clinical |\view |\on |\page |\449..3) |\The |\CSF |\provides |\environmental |
stability |\by |\transporting |\nutrients, |\chemical |\messengers, |\and |\by |
removing |\wastes. |(a) |\Wastes |\and |\excess |\CSF |\are |\eventually |
transported |\into |\the |\venous |\circulation. CSF |\formation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔formed |\by |\the |"choroid |
plexi" |(Latin |\for |"braided

Treatment: |\inserting |\a |\tube |\called |\a |\ventriculoperitoneal |(VP) |\shunt, |
drains |\excess |\CSF |\into |\abdominopelvic |\cavity. Blood-brain |\barrier |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Nervous |\tissue |\is |
protected |\from |\the |\general |\circulation We |\learned |\previously |\that |\astrocytes |\envelop |\brain |\capillaries |\and |
reduce |\capillary |\permeabilityThis |\helps |\to |\prevent |\hazardous |
materials |\from |\diffusing |\across |\the |\capillary |\wall. |\

  1. |\Usually |\only |\lipid-soluble |\compounds |\can |\diffuse |\across |\the |
    capillary |\wall |\and into |\the |\fluids |\of |\the |\CNS |\to |\reach |\brain |\neurons NO |\blood-brain |\barrier |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔choroid |\plexi, |\so |
    they |\have |\the |\necessary |\permeability |\to |\produce |\CSF. |
    At |\the |\hypothalamus |\and |\the |\pineal |\gland, |\so |\these |\endocrine |
    glands |\have |\access |\to |\the |\blood |\stream |\to |\directly |\release |\their |
    hormones |\into |\the |\plasma. Cerebrum |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔aka |\Telecephalon.

Physical |\characteristics: a) |\outer |\gray |\layer |\is |\the |\cerebral |\cortex b) |\inner |\white |\layer |\is |\the |\cerebral |\medulla c) |\fissures, |\gyri, |\and |\sulci d) |\separated |\into |\cerebral |\hemispheres Fissure |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Deeper |\depressions |\on |\the |\surface |\of |\cerebrum gyri |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔folds |\on |\the |\surface |\of |\cerebrum sulci |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔shallow |\depressions |\on |\surface |\of |
cerebrum Cerebral |\hemisphere |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Cerebrum |\is |
separated |\into |\two |\halves |(left |\and |\right). |\Left |\and |\right |\halves |\are |
separated |\by |\deep |\longitudinal |\fissure |\that |\runs |\along |\midsagittal |
plane. Completely |\separate |\with |\the |\exception |\of |\a |\few |\white |\matter |
structures |\that |\connect |\the |\two |(i.e. |\corpus |\callosum) |\

Showed |\that |\the |\frontal |\cortex |\is |\linked |\to |\personality |\and |\decision- making. Frontal |\lobotomy |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔In |\1930's-1950's |\a |
procedure |\that |\was |\touted |\as |\a |"cure" |\for |\people |\who |\were |\violent |
or |\mentally |\ill. |\Involved |\sticking |\a |\long |\instrument |(ice |\pick) |
through |\the |\orbit |\and |\moving |\it |\around |\to |\destroy |\the |\frontal |
cortex. |\Results |\were |\varied |\but |\only |\1/3 |\patients |\improved. |
Development |\of |\drugs |\in |\1950s |\obviated |\the |\need |\for |\the |
procedure. parietal |\lobe |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔lies |\internal |\to |\the |\parietal |
bone |\and |\forms |\the |\superoposterior |\part |\of |\each |\cerebral |
hemisphere. (a) |\The |\parietal |\lobe |\is |\involved |\with |\general |\sensory |\functions, |
such |\as |\evaluating |\the shape |\and |\texture |\of |\objects |\being |\touched. temporal |\lobe |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔lies |\internal |\to |\the |\temporal |\bone. |\

(a) |\This |\lobe |\is |\involved |\with:

  • |\Hearing |\
  • |\Interpreting |\speech |\and |\language |\
  • |\Smell occipital |\lobe |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔forms |\the |\posterior |\region |\of |\each |\hemisphere |\and |\immediately |\underlies |\the |\occipital |\bone. (a) |\This |\lobe |\is |\responsible |\for: |\
  • |\Processing |\incoming |\visual |\information |\
  • |\Storing |\visual |\memories insula |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Latin |\for |"island") |\is |\a |\small |\lobe |
    that |\can |\be |\visualized |\by |\pulling |\aside |\the |\temporal |\lobe. |
    (a) |\Its |\function |\is |\apparently |\involved |\in:
  • |\Memory |\
  • |\Interpretation |\of |\taste "remembers |\you |\and |\sticks |\it's |\tongue |\out |\at |\you" |"inside"
  1. |\the |\principal |\and |\final |\relay |\point |\for |\all |\sensory |\information, |
    except |\for |\the |\sense |\of |\smell |(olfaction), |\that |\will |\be |\processed |\and |
    projected |\to |\the |\cerebral |\cortex. |(a) |\It |\filters |\out |\repetitive |\or |\non- essential |\sights |\and |\sounds |\and |\clues |\in |\the |\cerebrum |\where |\the |
    sensory |\information |\came |\from. "tall-am-us" |\highest |\portion |\of |\brain |\stem hypothalamus |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(Geek |\for |"under |\a |\bed") |\is |
    the |\anteroinferior |\region |\of |\the |\diencephalon. |\
  2. |\The |\thin, |\stalk-like |"infundibulum" |(Latin |\for |"funnel") |\extends |
    inferiorly |\from |\the |\hypothalamus |\to |\the |\pituitary |\gland |(See |\Fig. |\on |
    page |\462). |\
  3. |\The |\hypothalamus |\has |\numerous |\functions |(just |\like |\there |\are |
    many |\things |\under |\the |\bed) |\p. |\ 462 hypothalamus |\functions |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔(a) |\It |\is |\the |\master |\control |\of |\the |\autonomic |\nervous |\system. |\It |\projects |\descending |
    axons |\to |\the |\inferior |\brain |\stem |\that |\influence |\heart |\rate, |\blood |
    pressure, |\digestive |\activities, |\and |\respiration. |
    (b) |\It |\is |\the |\master |\control |\of |\the |\endocrine |\system. |\The |
    hypothalamus |\secretes |\hormones |\that |\control |\the |\secretory |
    activities |\of |\the |\anterior |\pituitary |\gland. |\The |\hypothalamus |\also |\

produces |\two |\hormones |(antidiuretic |\hormone |\and |\oxytocin) |\that |
are |\transported |\through |\axons |\in |\the |\infundibulum |\and |\then |\stored |\in |\the |\posterior |\pituitary. (c) |\It |\is |\the |\body's |\thermostat |\and |\controls |\body |\temperature. |\It |
regulates |\shivering |\and |\sweating. |(d) |\The |\hypothalamus |\is |\located |
at |\the |\center |\of |\the |\limbic |\system, |\the |\part |\of |\the |\brain |\that |
controls |\emotional |\responses |(pleasure, |\aggression, |\fear, |\rage, |
contentment, |\and |\the |\sex |\drive). |
(e) |\It |\monitors |\nutrients |(glucose |\and |\amino |\acids) |\and |\controls |
hunger. |
(f) |\As |\the |\body's |\thirst |\center, |\it |\continuously |\monitors |\blood |\solute |(dissolved |\substances) |\concentration |\and |\stimulates |\thirst |\or |
release |\of |\fluid. |
(g) |\It |\regulates |\sleep-wake |(circadian) |\rhythms |\by |\acting |\in |
conjunction |\with |\the |\pineal |\gland. Brainstem |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔bidirectional |\passageway |\for |\all |
nerve |\tracts |\extending |\between |\the |\cerebrum |\and |\the |\spinal |\cord. a. |\It |\also |\contains |\many |\autonomic |\centers |\required |\for |\our |
survival. Composed |\of |\three |\regions: |\mesencephalon, |\pons, |\and |\medulla |
oblongata