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BIOL 204 Athabasca U- Midterm with complete verified solutions already graded A+.docx
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cell membrane (plasma membrane) phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell eukaryote A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles nucleoid A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated. nucleus A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
prokaryote A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles amyloplast Unpigmented plasids that store starch grains, abundent in cells of stems, tubers, and seeds anchoring junction mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane bacterial flagellum A ropelike structure built from actin proteins that, through rotary movements, propels a bacterium through fluid. capsule A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.
crista (pl. cristae) the folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria. The site of the electron transport chain cytoskeleton A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement endoplasmic reticulum (rough or smooth) extensive interconnected network of membranous channels called cisternae, some have ribosomes covering it and others don't. protein and lipid synthesis extracellular matrix The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides. flagellum (pl. flagella) Long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm.
gap junction A type of intercellular junction in animal cells, consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells. Golgi complex a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell granum (pl. grana) stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast intermediate filament A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
phagocytosis A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells Horne's example with Colten. pilus (pl. pili) Thin, hair-like projections that help prokaryotes attach to surfaces and can serve as tubes through which they exchange DNA. plasmodesma (pl. plasmodesmata) connection between plant cells that allows cytoplasm to flow between them plastid group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments ribosome Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
stroma The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. thylakoid a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis tight junction a firm seal between two adjacent animal cells created by protein adherence vacuole A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area
a round, central region within the nucleus of a cell which produces RNA and ribosomes nucleoplasm semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus that contains the chromatin and nucleolus amplification The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction. aquaporins A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane heroin holes :) cell signalling Processes that lead to communication and coordination between cells. Hormones binding to their receptors on the cell surface membrane are an example.
channel protein a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane cholesterol A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. endocytosis process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane exocytosis a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
peripheral membrane protein A protein that is associated with the plasma membrane of a cell, but that is not embedded in the lipid bilayer. Peripheral proteins typically associate with embedded proteins through hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions. phospholipid A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. pinocytosis A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. primary active transport Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.
receptor mediated endocytosis The uptake of specific molecules based on a cell's receptor proteins secondary active transport Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport. anabolic pathway A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds. energy is required photosynthesis. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
entropy tendency of energy to become dispersed or spread out (s) this is why machines are not 100% efficient exergonic spontaneous process free energy of products is less than free energy of the reactants G is negative exothermic releases energy/heat first laws of thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed free energy energy that is available to do work second laws of thermodynamics energy moves from being localized to being dispersed
kinetic energy the energy an object has due to its motion metabolism the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials closed systems systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environments no matter entering or leaving the system, constant temperature. Equilibrium will be established. potential energy Energy that is stored and held in readiness open systems organizations that are affected by, and that affect, their environment
an organic cofactor cofactor A nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. competitive inhibition substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site enzyme A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing feedback inhibition A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. substrate A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme anaerobe
any organism that is able to live without oxygen anaerobic respiration Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid. ATP synthase Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) a process in which cells harvest the chemical energy stored in food, occurs in mitochondria citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
