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BIOL 151 EXAM 1 LATEST 2025 VCU
(INTRO TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE I)
GRADED A WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Difference of Ribose and Deoxyribose Ribose and deoxyribose are both sugars. They have identical chemical structure except that ribose has a hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon 2, while deoxyribose is without an oxygen on carbon 2 (H) Template _____ DNA strand is in the 3' to 5' direction. The DNA being transcribed is always oriented from 3' to 5'. RNA polymerase enzyme responsible for making RNA strand RNA growth is always in the 5′ → 3 ′ direction
Transcription: RNA strand grows in the? RNA strand (sense) (5' to 3') antisense DNA strand(3' to 5') (transcribed to)→ TATA BOX Promoter region on Eukaryotic DNA and archaeal is the promoter regulatory region of DNA located upstream (towards the 5' region) of of a gene, providing a control point for regulated gene transcription. 5' and 3' Upstream is toward the ___' end of the RNA molecule and downstream is toward the _' end
Roles of RNA polymerase able to separate the DNA, allow an RNA-DNA duplex to form, elongate the transcript nucleotide by nucleotide, release the finished transcript, and restore the original DNA double helix It starts with the enhancer that signals a rna polymerase to bind to the strand there, it then starts to transcrive at the promotor which is the TATA box. and it then ends in the terminator. what general transcription factors do eukaryotic cells need to start transcription? addition of the 5' cap consisting of 7- methylguanosince poly-A tail splicing RNA processing (3 Steps)
5' cap The cap-structure consists of a 7-methylguanosine linked to the first nucleotide via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge. Usually one or two methyl groups are present at specific positions. The cap- structure is added to the 5'-end of the pre-mRNA during transcription covalent bonding chemical bond formed between 2 atoms by the sharing of an electron very strong hydrogen bonding covalent bond between 2 hydrogen atoms chemical equillibrium most chemical reactions are reversible
compound that accepts H+ ions and removes them from a solution above 7 Isomers compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures Hydroxyl group R-OH containing an oxygen atom connected by a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom found on amino acids and nucleic acids typical of alcohols and carbohydrates Carboxyl group - COOH found on organic acids like amino acids and nucleic acids. Polar group due to polar covalency between O and H and O and C
readily ionizes in water to release H- Amino group in chemistry, functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom attached by single bonds to hydrogen atoms polar group due to polar covalency between N and H's basic group found on amino acids and nucleic acids Phosphate group found on nucleoside phosphates like ATP, GTP, etc. and on nucleic acids which are made from nucleoside phosphates very polar. Transfers energy between organic molecules Monomers small organic molecules
polysaccharids polymers of thousands of monosaccharides. long term energy storage glycogen multi branched polysachharide of glucose. short term storage in animals Lipids Fats, steroids fatty acids long chain hydrocarbons terminating in a carboxyl group
saturated fats fat molecules with all single bonds between carbon molecules solid at room temps unsaturated fats 1 or more double bonds between C's liquid at room temp phospholipids glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group Proteins monomers; all amino acids are ____
result of peptide bonds linear shape Secondary Structure INTERACTIONS OF NEARBY AMINO ACIDS H- bonding between the C=O and N-H of different peptide bonds: general three-dimensional form of local segments of biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) Tertiary Structure 3 dimesional shape of a protein will have a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures disulfide bridges
Structural proteins function in support ex/ Keratin/Callogen Storage Proteins functions in storage of amino acids ex/ Casein/Ovalbumin Transport Proteins functions in the transport of other substances hemoglobin Hormonal Proteins Coordination of organism's activities Insulin
enzymes Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) contains coded info that programs all cell activity genes contain instructions for protein synthesis RNA functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA the flow of genetic info goes DNA(Transcription)>RNA(translation)>protein
nucleotides are composed of
- 5 carbon SUGAR a pentose(deoxyribose or ribose)
- a phosphate group(attached to C5 of pentose)
- a nitrogenous base ( attatched to C 1 of pentose transcription genetic code is transformed from DNA to mRNA translation mRNA fed through ribosome to create proteins in _____ Metabolism the chemical reaction that takes place in a cell energy the capacity to cause change(do work)
entropy a measure of the amount of randomness and disorder in a system ATP the most common energycarrier molecule in cells what is ATP composed of? nitrogen containing base(adenine) sugar(ribose) three phosphate groups Enzymes bio catalysts which lower activation energy Molecule stability
full valence shell stabilizes a molecule the strongest weak intermolecular forces between Hydrogen and ONF due to the partial positive of H and the electronegativity of O, N, or F. Hydrogen Bonds: What are they? Strong H-bonding, neutral pH, high cohesion, high specific heat, ice floats in water, What makes water so unique? covalent bond chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms(single, double, triple) Electronegativity
