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This is my review guide for the first exam in bio 101. It is very detailed.
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CHAPTER 6 Light microscopy-passes light through the specimen and glass lens-> to our eyes; Mag= image to size Ratio; Resolution is the image's clarity at the smallest distance to the stage; Contrast=different amounts of light in a substance view. SEMS -focus on an electron beam on the cells surface(3D); TEMS -focus electron beams through and into the organelles. Prokaryotic cells (NO organelles/nucleus; YES unbound dna and cytoplasm) make up bacterial and archaeal organisms; Eukaryotic ( The ECM is made of glycoproteins including collagen, proteoglycans and fibronectin)cells make up protists, fungi, animals and plants; Both have a cell membrane, cytosol(Intracellular fluid), chromosomes, and ribosomes. As a cell increases in size, volume grows proportionately more than the surface area( 1 ). Nucleus (Makes Chromosomes)-Stores dna that ribosomes use to make protein. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, a double membrane where EACH membrane is a lipid bilayer (the nucleus facing side of the envelope is called Nuclear Liamina ); Nuclear pores regulate the entry of molecules. Ribosomes are used in the synthesis of proteins either freely or bound. Endomembrane system: Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum( Smooth; makes lipids and stores Calcium ions and detoxes poison; Rough has ribosomes and secretes glycoproteins and transport vesicles), Golgi apparatus(Network of Cistrene; Packages and sorts molecules from the ER ), engulfment by PHAGOSYTOSIS produces a Lysosomes ( have compartments of hydraulic enzymes that digest macromolecules MADE by ER ), Vacuoles(COME from Golgi and ER, Plasma membrane(ALL connected by a transport chain of vesicles). PHAGOCYTOSIS (the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans), Peroxisomes break down fatty acid. TIGHT JUNCTION -cells push together to stop leaking. GAP JUNCTION -cytoplasmic channels are used for cells to talk to each other. CHAPTER 7 SMALL molecules move through passive transport( WITH THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT )(NO outside energy needed, possibly transport protein) or through active transport( AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT )(requires outside energy and a transport protein). Large molecules move into and out of a cell using bulk transport, endocytosis(In through transport vesicles) , or exocytosis(out through transport vesicle). PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER( Hydrophobic tails on the inside and Hydrophilic heads on the outside ). MEMBRANE structures are held together by weak hydrophobic interactions(Cholesterol, High temp solidifies the fluidity and low temp makes it more fluid[Prevents cell membrane packing]). THE COLDER IT IS THE LESS UNSATURATED FATS YOU WANT! Peripheral ( alpha helix, Helical bundle, and the beta-barrel ) membrane proteins are bound to the membrane; surface Integral( Enzymes, Anchorage, and Transports ) membrane proteins reach the hydrophobic membrane core. Hydrophobic molecules (nonpolar) dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane easily- Hydrophilic molecules (polar) are impeded when trying to pass through the membrane, running into a hydrophobic wall- Hydrophilic( get through with Chanel proteins and carrier proteins ) molecules have relied on membrane transport proteins to cross the cell membrane. Water gets through by aquaporins. diffusion(PASSIVE) is one way that you may enter and exit a cell; they diffuse down their concentration gradient(the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution ). CONCENTRATION GRADIENT and MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY affect the RATE OF DIFFUSION. ISOTONIC- equal concentration gradient inside and out. Hypertonic(plasmolysis)- Higher concentration outside of the cell (water moves out and the cell shrivels and dies). Hypotonic- Higher concentration inside and the cell will burst. PASSIVE TRANSPORT USES DIFFUSION AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT USES ENERGY TO MOVE THE MOLECULE AGAINST THE GRADIENT. IONS use an ELECTROCHEMICAL gradient to get out of a cell. (THEY NEED AN ELECTROGENIC pump). PINOCYTOSIS ( the extracellular fluid is gulped. RESEPTOR-MEDIATED CYTOSIS is when solutes bind to receptors. CHAPTER 8 POTENTIAL ENERGY -energy of location/structure, and can be transformed into kinetic energy. Thermal energy is kinetic energy at the atomic level, when transferred from one object to another is called heat. Chemical energy is potential energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released through chemical reactions. Chemical work pushes endergonic chemical reactions forward Transport work pushes substances against their concentration gradient, across membranes Mechanical work includes the movement of internal structures. CHAPTER 9- (Anaerobic) FERMENTATION -the breakdown of sugars in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration(
oxygen is used to make chemical energy). Cellular is both but usually referred to Aerobic. NAD+ and FAD are electron acceptors. Chemiosmosis is the use of energy flow and a proton gradient to drive cellular work(ATP SYNTHESIS) Electron flow- 1. Photons hit and foster the PSII exiting the pigment 2. Photons pass through the exited proton acceptor 3. Water catylizes to split to 2p 2e- and an O2. 4. Protons go from PSII to the ETC. 5. Proton gradient makes ATP through chemosmosis 6. Same as step 1 but for PSI 7. Electrons are passed down to FERADOXIN a carrier protein 8. NADP+ reductase oxidizes ferradoxin and transfers electrons to NADP+ 9. NADPH is formed.