CHAPTER 6 Light microscopy-passes light through the specimen and glass lens-> to our eyes; Mag= image to size
Ratio; Resolution is the image's clarity at the smallest distance to the stage; Contrast=different amounts of light in a
substance view. SEMS-focus on an electron beam on the cells surface(3D);TEMS-focus electron beams through
and into the organelles. Prokaryotic cells (NO organelles/nucleus; YES unbound dna and cytoplasm) make up
bacterial and archaeal organisms; Eukaryotic (The ECM is made of glycoproteins including collagen, proteoglycans
and fibronectin)cells make up protists, fungi, animals and plants; Both have a cell membrane, cytosol(Intracellular
fluid), chromosomes, and ribosomes. As a cell increases in size, volume grows proportionately more than the surface
area(1). Nucleus(Makes Chromosomes)-Stores dna that ribosomes use to make protein. The nucleus is surrounded
by a nuclear envelope, a double membrane where EACH membrane is a lipid bilayer (the nucleus facing side of the
envelope is called Nuclear Liamina); Nuclear pores regulate the entry of molecules. Ribosomes are used in the
synthesis of proteins either freely or bound. Endomembrane system: Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic
reticulum(Smooth; makes lipids and stores Calcium ions and detoxes poison; Rough has ribosomes and
secretes glycoproteins and transport vesicles), Golgi apparatus(Network of Cistrene; Packages and sorts
molecules from the ER), engulfment by PHAGOSYTOSIS produces a Lysosomes( have compartments of hydraulic
enzymes that digest macromolecules MADE by ER ), Vacuoles(COME from Golgi and ER, Plasma membrane(ALL
connected by a transport chain of vesicles). PHAGOCYTOSIS(the ingestion of bacteria or other material by
phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans), Peroxisomes break down fatty acid. TIGHT JUNCTION-cells push together
to stop leaking. GAP JUNCTION-cytoplasmic channels are used for cells to talk to each other.
CHAPTER 7 SMALL molecules move through passive transport(WITH THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT)(NO
outside energy needed, possibly transport protein) or through active transport(AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT)(requires outside energy and a transport protein). Large molecules move into and out of a cell using
bulk
transport, endocytosis(In through transport vesicles), or exocytosis(out through transport vesicle).
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER(Hydrophobic tails on the inside and Hydrophilic heads on the outside). MEMBRANE
structures are held together by weak hydrophobic interactions(Cholesterol, High temp solidifies the fluidity and low
temp makes it more fluid[Prevents cell membrane packing]). THE COLDER IT IS THE LESS UNSATURATED
FATS YOU WANT! Peripheral (alpha helix, Helical bundle, and the beta-barrel)membrane proteins are bound to
the membrane; surface Integral(Enzymes, Anchorage, and Transports)membrane proteins reach the
hydrophobic membrane core. Hydrophobic molecules (nonpolar) dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the
membrane easily- Hydrophilic molecules (polar) are impeded when trying to pass through the membrane, running
into a hydrophobic wall- Hydrophilic(get through with Chanel proteins and carrier proteins)molecules have relied
on membrane transport proteins to cross the cell membrane. Water gets through by aquaporins.
diffusion(PASSIVE) is one way that you may enter and exit a cell; they diffuse down their concentration
gradient(the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a
solution). CONCENTRATION GRADIENT and MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY affect the RATE OF DIFFUSION.
ISOTONIC-equal concentration gradient inside and out. Hypertonic(plasmolysis)- Higher concentration outside of
the cell (water moves out and the cell shrivels and dies). Hypotonic-Higher concentration inside and the cell will
burst. PASSIVE TRANSPORT USES DIFFUSION AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT USES ENERGY TO MOVE THE
MOLECULE AGAINST THE GRADIENT. IONS use an ELECTROCHEMICAL gradient to get out of a cell. (THEY
NEED AN ELECTROGENIC pump).PINOCYTOSIS( the extracellular fluid is gulped. RESEPTOR-MEDIATED
CYTOSIS is when solutes bind to receptors.
CHAPTER 8 POTENTIAL ENERGY-energy of location/structure, and can be transformed into kinetic
energy.Thermal energy is kinetic energy at the atomic level, when transferred from one object to another is called
heat. Chemical energy is potential energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released through chemical
reactions. Chemical work pushes endergonic chemical reactions forward Transport work pushes substances
against their concentration gradient, across membranes Mechanical work includes the movement of internal
structures.
CHAPTER 9- (Anaerobic)FERMENTATION-the breakdown of sugars in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration(
