Download BIOL 1001 Final Exam with correct answers and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIOL | 1001 |Final |Exam |with |correct |answers
Bacteria |in |humans |stomach/intestine |is |an |example |of |what? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Endosymbiosis Eukaryote |characteristics |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-contain |membrane-bound |organelles, |including | nucleus can |be |single-celled |or |multi-celled Examples: |humans, |plants, |fungi, |insects Prokaryote |characteristics |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-do |not |contain |nucleus |or |membrane-bound | organelles Two |groups: |bacteria |and |archaebacteria Mitochondria |characteristics |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-contains |own |DNA, |circular |chromosome Reproduces |by |binary |fission Closest |relative: |bacteria How |did |mitochondria |form/evolve? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Anaerobic |eukaryote |engulfed |an | aerobic |bacterium | which |then |became |an |endosymbiont |providing |ATP |from |respiration |while |receiving |substrates |and | protection
How |did |chloroplasts |form? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Endosymbiosis |between |a |eukaryote |and |a | photosynthetic |cyanobacterium What |is |a |protist? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-single-celled |eukaryote, |10x |bigger |than |prokaryote Three |categories: |slime |molds, |algae, |protozoa Multicellularity |requires: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-oxygen Motility |depends |on: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-how |well |cells |stick |together Allows |bacteria |to |move |as |a |unit Endosymbiosis |allows |______ |organisms |to |become |________, |and |________ |to |become |_________ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-anaerobic, |aerobic Heterotrophs, |autotrophs Heterotrophic |animals |need: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-digestive |system |and |sense |organs Mobile |animals |need: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-circulatory |system |and |skeletal |system Simple |--> |Complex |organisms |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-single-celled |protist, |multicellular, |radial, | bilateral, |coelomate, |chordates radial |symmetry |organisms |have |______ |digestive |system |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-CLOSED Bilateral |symmetry |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Symmetry |left |to |right
traits |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Lungs |in |bony |fishes Water |--> |Land traits |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-paired |appendages |in |amphibians Further |onto |dry |land traits |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-more |efficient |lungs, |water-proof |skin, |eggshells Becoming |Active |at |Night/Endothermy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Covered |in |hair, |complex |teeth, | mammary |glands Monotremes: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Lay |EGGS, |hair, |mammary |glands, |cloaca Marsupials: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Live |birth, |kept |in |pouch Eutherians/Placentals |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Advanced |development |at |time |of |birth, |longer | gestation Larger |brains |were |good |for: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-complex |environments |and |memory |(food- storage_ WHat's |a |mechanism |for |evolution? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-regulatory |genes--control |how |much |RNA |is |transcribed |and |thus |the |extent |of |protein |synthesis Order |of |human |origins |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Genus |Homo/Homo |habilis--made |tools
- |Australopithecus |afarensis--first |to |show |adaptations |for |walking |upright |(hips |and |legs)
- |Homo |Erectus--First |fire |users/Hunters, |complex |tools
- |Homo |Floresiensis--Very |complex |tools, |lacks |chin
- |Neanderthals--tools |and |art, |"ginger |genes"
- |Homo |sapiens |(modern |humans)--LANGUAGE Language |reveals |_______ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-common |ancestry Proximate |cause |for |language: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Human-variant |FOX |P2 |gene Ultimate |cause |for |language: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-need |for |coordination |within |group Languages |become |_______ |phonetically |diverse |farther |away |from |Africa |and |NE |Asia/Native | Americans |languages |are |_______ |similar |to |each |other |than |European |languages |- |VERIFIED | ANSWER✔✔-LESS, |MORE Modern |Evolution |Mechanisms |(3) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Agriculture
- |Skin |Color/Sunshine
- |Hair/Sweat What |effect |did |agriculture |have |on |populations? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Livestock |domestication |--> | new |pressures Close |contact |and |change |in |diet | Plant |domestication |led |populations |to |be |near |water, |exposure |to |mosquitoes |--> |genetic |resistance | to |malaria
|--Led |to |adaptation |for |animal-borne |diseases
- |Agriculture |--Enabled |wealth |to |be |passed |on
- |City-States
- |Nation-States |--Group |identity What |is |heritability? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-the |proportion |of |similarity |due |to |genetics Homosexuality |characteristics |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-maintained |by |pleiotropy advantageous |to |one |sex, |but |alters |sexual |orientation |in |opposite |sex ________ |is |one |of |the |most |effective |mechanisms |for |promoting |within-group |cooperation |- | VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Religious |identity What |factor |had |likely |contributed |to |the |evolution |of |sociality |in |lions? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔- patchy |distribution |of |resources |in |the |Savannah |landscapes What |are |the |TWO |BEST |lines |of |evidence |that |suggest |a |human |behavior |evolved |by |natural | selection? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-The |inheritance |pattern |shows |a |genetic |basis |for |the |behavior, | and |it |is |universal |across |different |environments |and |cultures
What |does |it |mean |when |we |say |a |trait |has |60% |heritability? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-60% |of |the | trait |variation |in |a |POPULATION |is |due |to |genetics Which |human |traits |or |behaviors |promote |cooperation |within |groups |and |are |universal? |- |VERIFIED | ANSWER✔✔-Language, |Sense |of |fairness, |religion, |shame |(Not |centralized |government) For |group |selection |to |work, |__________ |must |evolve |and |___________ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔- Cooperation |must |evolve | Cheaters |must |face |consequences Smaller, |faster |species |have |_______ |R |(higher |or |lower)? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-higher Equation |to |predict |Population |Growth: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-R= |(birth+immigration) |- | (death+emigration) Intrinsic |growth |rate |will |decrease |if |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-death |rates |increase |AND |birth |rates | decrease Density-Dependent |Factors |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--"K-selected" -HIGH |competition -LARGE |body |size LONG |lifespan -Limited |by |reproduction, |food, |space -Growth |slows |down |and |population |density |increases N=0 |and |(K-N)/K=1, |growth |is |_______ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-exponential N=K |and |(K-N)/K=0, |growth |________ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-stops
How |is |DNA |damaged? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-By |metabolic |processes |(free |radicals |are |released) but, |each |cell |contains |mechanisms |for |DNA |repair What |is |extrinsic |mortality? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Death |caused |by |an |external |source Example: |predation, |infection, |head |injury, |starvation, |car |accident What |are |the |two |life |history |strategies? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-ITEROPARITY |and |SEMELPARITY What |are |characteristics |of |iteroparity? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-repeated |breeding What |is |semelparity? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-"explosive" |or |suicidal |breedingg Suicidal |reproduction |is |favored |when |__________ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-an |asexual |female | produces |greater |than | 1 |additional |offspring If |infant |mortality |is |high, |adults |should: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-invest |in |themselves If |adult |mortality |is |high, |adults |should: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-reproduce Explain |Antagonistic |Pleiotropy. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |genes |that |enhance |reproduction |but | reduce |survival Example: |testosterone -promotes |muscle |growth, |but |harms |immune |system Especially |likely |to |evolve |if |enhances |reproduction |of |young, |but |harms |the |old
Explain |Mutation |Accumulation. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-too |few |individuals |area |still |alive |for | selection |to |weed |out |mutations |than |only |harm |the |elderly What |extends |lifespan? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Dietary |restriction |and |rigorous |exercise | (mitochondria!!) True |or |false: |Telomeres |contain |a |gene |that |codes |for |telomerase. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-FALSE Why |does |antagonistic |pleiotropy |cause |aging? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Genes |that |increase | reproduction |early |in |life |have |negative |effects |on |survival |later |in |life Why |do |late-acting |harmful |mutations |persist |in |populations? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |rarely | detected |by |selection |since |so |few |individuals |make |it |to |old |age
- |selection |is |stronger |on |mutations |whose |effects |are |seen |n |young
- |they |may |have |beneficial |effects |earlier |in |life What |is |an |evolutionary |consequence |of |mutualism? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-both |species |show | adaptations |that |enhance |interactions |with |each |other What |is |an |ecological |consequence |of |mutualism? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-presence |of |one |species | increases |abundance |of |another What |is |interference |(competition)? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-one |species |prevents |another |from | gaining |access |to |a |resource What |is |exploitation |(competition)? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-one |species |is |better |able |to |extract |the | resource
What |are |the |five |elements |essential |for |life? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-CHONP Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus CO2 |is |added |through: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-deforestation, |transportation, |powerplants fossil |fuels, |volcanoes, |oceans, |plant, |animal, |and |soil |respiration CO2 |is |REMOVED |through: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-photosynthesis |and |oceans Global |Warming |Feedback |Systems |(3) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Extent |of |Arctic |Ice |Cap: |shrinking
- |Permafrost: |release |CO2 |and |methane
- |Oceans: |warm |water |holds |less |CO _______ |of |CO2 |twice |led |to |prolonged |ice |ages. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-LOSS (Snowball |Earth |and |Karoo |Ice |Age) Why |does |net |productivity |decrease |in |ascending |trophic |levels? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Heat |lost | from |respiration
Organisms |responsible |for |importing |nitrogen |FROM |the |atmosphere |INTO |biological |systems: |- | VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-nitrogen-fixing |bacteria |living |in |legume |root |nodules, |AND |nitrogen-fixing |soil | bacteria Why |does |the |melting |polar |ice |cap |accelerate |climate |change? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Ice |reflects | more |light |than |water, |water |absorbs |more |heat |than |ice What |percentage |of |energy |is |lost |from |one |trophic |level |to |the |next? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-90% A |stable |cycle |of |carbon |entering |and |exiting |the |atmosphere |by: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔- Photosynthesis |converting |carbo |to |an |organic |form |AND |respiration |converting |carbon |to |inorganic | form _______ |ecosystems |are |more |resilient |to |disturbance |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-COMPLEX Threats |to |biodiversity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |habitat |loss/alteration
- |Invasive |Species
- |Overconsumption
- |Pollution What |is |the |cascading |effect? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-loss |of |one |species |affects |many |other |species Benefits |of |biodiversity |for |fisheries? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Greater |productivity |in |catching |fish, | lower |extinction |rate, |greater |resilience |to |collapse What |is |obligate |mutualism? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-one |species |cannot |survive |without |the |other | (they |are |FORCED |to |rely |on |each |other)
