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BIOL 1001 Final Exam with correct answers
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Bacteria |in |humans |stomach/intestine |is |an |example |of |what? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Endosymbiosis Eukaryote |characteristics |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-contain |membrane-bound |organelles, |including | nucleus can |be |single-celled |or |multi-celled Examples: |humans, |plants, |fungi, |insects Prokaryote |characteristics |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-do |not |contain |nucleus |or |membrane-bound | organelles Two |groups: |bacteria |and |archaebacteria Mitochondria |characteristics |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-contains |own |DNA, |circular |chromosome Reproduces |by |binary |fission Closest |relative: |bacteria How |did |mitochondria |form/evolve? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Anaerobic |eukaryote |engulfed |an | aerobic |bacterium | which |then |became |an |endosymbiont |providing |ATP |from |respiration |while |receiving |substrates |and | protection
How |did |chloroplasts |form? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Endosymbiosis |between |a |eukaryote |and |a | photosynthetic |cyanobacterium What |is |a |protist? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-single-celled |eukaryote, |10x |bigger |than |prokaryote Three |categories: |slime |molds, |algae, |protozoa Multicellularity |requires: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-oxygen Motility |depends |on: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-how |well |cells |stick |together Allows |bacteria |to |move |as |a |unit Endosymbiosis |allows |______ |organisms |to |become |________, |and |________ |to |become |_________ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-anaerobic, |aerobic Heterotrophs, |autotrophs Heterotrophic |animals |need: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-digestive |system |and |sense |organs Mobile |animals |need: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-circulatory |system |and |skeletal |system Simple |--> |Complex |organisms |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-single-celled |protist, |multicellular, |radial, | bilateral, |coelomate, |chordates radial |symmetry |organisms |have |______ |digestive |system |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-CLOSED Bilateral |symmetry |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Symmetry |left |to |right
traits |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Lungs |in |bony |fishes Water |--> |Land traits |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-paired |appendages |in |amphibians Further |onto |dry |land traits |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-more |efficient |lungs, |water-proof |skin, |eggshells Becoming |Active |at |Night/Endothermy |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Covered |in |hair, |complex |teeth, | mammary |glands Monotremes: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Lay |EGGS, |hair, |mammary |glands, |cloaca Marsupials: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Live |birth, |kept |in |pouch Eutherians/Placentals |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Advanced |development |at |time |of |birth, |longer | gestation Larger |brains |were |good |for: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-complex |environments |and |memory |(food- storage_ WHat's |a |mechanism |for |evolution? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-regulatory |genes--control |how |much |RNA |is |transcribed |and |thus |the |extent |of |protein |synthesis Order |of |human |origins |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Genus |Homo/Homo |habilis--made |tools
|--Led |to |adaptation |for |animal-borne |diseases
What |does |it |mean |when |we |say |a |trait |has |60% |heritability? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-60% |of |the | trait |variation |in |a |POPULATION |is |due |to |genetics Which |human |traits |or |behaviors |promote |cooperation |within |groups |and |are |universal? |- |VERIFIED | ANSWER✔✔-Language, |Sense |of |fairness, |religion, |shame |(Not |centralized |government) For |group |selection |to |work, |__________ |must |evolve |and |___________ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔- Cooperation |must |evolve | Cheaters |must |face |consequences Smaller, |faster |species |have |_______ |R |(higher |or |lower)? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-higher Equation |to |predict |Population |Growth: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-R= |(birth+immigration) |- | (death+emigration) Intrinsic |growth |rate |will |decrease |if |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-death |rates |increase |AND |birth |rates | decrease Density-Dependent |Factors |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔--"K-selected" -HIGH |competition -LARGE |body |size LONG |lifespan -Limited |by |reproduction, |food, |space -Growth |slows |down |and |population |density |increases N=0 |and |(K-N)/K=1, |growth |is |_______ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-exponential N=K |and |(K-N)/K=0, |growth |________ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-stops
How |is |DNA |damaged? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-By |metabolic |processes |(free |radicals |are |released) but, |each |cell |contains |mechanisms |for |DNA |repair What |is |extrinsic |mortality? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Death |caused |by |an |external |source Example: |predation, |infection, |head |injury, |starvation, |car |accident What |are |the |two |life |history |strategies? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-ITEROPARITY |and |SEMELPARITY What |are |characteristics |of |iteroparity? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-repeated |breeding What |is |semelparity? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-"explosive" |or |suicidal |breedingg Suicidal |reproduction |is |favored |when |__________ |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-an |asexual |female | produces |greater |than | 1 |additional |offspring If |infant |mortality |is |high, |adults |should: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-invest |in |themselves If |adult |mortality |is |high, |adults |should: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-reproduce Explain |Antagonistic |Pleiotropy. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |genes |that |enhance |reproduction |but | reduce |survival Example: |testosterone -promotes |muscle |growth, |but |harms |immune |system Especially |likely |to |evolve |if |enhances |reproduction |of |young, |but |harms |the |old
Explain |Mutation |Accumulation. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-too |few |individuals |area |still |alive |for | selection |to |weed |out |mutations |than |only |harm |the |elderly What |extends |lifespan? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Dietary |restriction |and |rigorous |exercise | (mitochondria!!) True |or |false: |Telomeres |contain |a |gene |that |codes |for |telomerase. |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-FALSE Why |does |antagonistic |pleiotropy |cause |aging? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Genes |that |increase | reproduction |early |in |life |have |negative |effects |on |survival |later |in |life Why |do |late-acting |harmful |mutations |persist |in |populations? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |rarely | detected |by |selection |since |so |few |individuals |make |it |to |old |age
What |are |the |five |elements |essential |for |life? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-CHONP Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus CO2 |is |added |through: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-deforestation, |transportation, |powerplants fossil |fuels, |volcanoes, |oceans, |plant, |animal, |and |soil |respiration CO2 |is |REMOVED |through: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-photosynthesis |and |oceans Global |Warming |Feedback |Systems |(3) |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Extent |of |Arctic |Ice |Cap: |shrinking
Organisms |responsible |for |importing |nitrogen |FROM |the |atmosphere |INTO |biological |systems: |- | VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-nitrogen-fixing |bacteria |living |in |legume |root |nodules, |AND |nitrogen-fixing |soil | bacteria Why |does |the |melting |polar |ice |cap |accelerate |climate |change? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-Ice |reflects | more |light |than |water, |water |absorbs |more |heat |than |ice What |percentage |of |energy |is |lost |from |one |trophic |level |to |the |next? |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-90% A |stable |cycle |of |carbon |entering |and |exiting |the |atmosphere |by: |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔- Photosynthesis |converting |carbo |to |an |organic |form |AND |respiration |converting |carbon |to |inorganic | form _______ |ecosystems |are |more |resilient |to |disturbance |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-COMPLEX Threats |to |biodiversity |- |VERIFIED |ANSWER✔✔-1. |habitat |loss/alteration