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BIOL | 1001 |exam |with |correct |answers
What |is |science? |- |ANSWER-a |process |for |understanding |the |natural/ |observable |world Hypothesis: |excess |acid |was |proposed |as |a |cause |of |ulcers. |How |would |you |test |the |"excess |acid" | hypothesis |effectively? a. |examine |ulcer |patients |of |a |range |of |ages |and |measure |their |stomach |acid |levels b. |have |all |volunteers |drink |alcohol |and |measure |their |stomach |acid |levels c. |lower |stomach |acid |of |some |volunteers |(using |drugs/antacids) |and |measure |numbers |of |ulcers |in | all |volunteers | d. |examine |patients |of |a |range |of |ages |and |measure |the |number |of |ulcers |in |each |person e. |put |all |volunteers |through |a |stress |test |and |then |measure |their |stomach |acid |levels |- |ANSWER-c. process |of |science |- |ANSWER--iterative -not |pre-determined -has |many |starting |points -rooted |in |testing -involves |feedback/ |scrutinizing |ideas -influences, |and |is |influenced |by |society hypothesis |- |ANSWER-a |proposed |explanation |that |leads |to |a |testable |prediction empirical |- |ANSWER-based |on |experience |and |observations |that |are |rational, |testable, |and |repeatable
scientific |idea |+ |expectations |+ |observations= |- |ANSWER-scientific |argument the |scientific |method |is |_____________ |therefore, |the |word |PROVE |cannot |be |used |- |ANSWER-self- correcting If |the |results |of |the |excess |acid |hypothesis |are |true, |which |graph |most |closely |matches |the |predicted | results? A. |high |treatment |group, |low |control |group B. |low |treatment |group, |high |control |group C. |both |groups |high D. |both |groups |low |- |ANSWER-B alternative |hypothesis |- |ANSWER- confusion |of |correlation |and |causation |is |an |example |of |a |- |ANSWER-logical |fallacy Treatment |group |received |antibiotics |while |control |received |a |placebo. |What |results |would |you | expect |if |the |"bacteria |cause |ulcers" |hypothesis |was |supported? A. |control |higher, |treatment |lower B. |control |lower, |treatment |higher C. |Both |high D. |Both |low |- |ANSWER-A. alternative |hypotheses |must |be |tested |- |ANSWER-independently
gene |theory |- |ANSWER-genes |are |passed |on |from |parents |to |their |offspring variation |is |heritable |and |comes |from |a |- |ANSWER-mutation evolution |- |ANSWER-a |change |in |the |traits |of |a |population |over |time |that |can |eventually |result |in |the | formation |of |new |species evolution |is |not |scientifically |controversial |becuase |- |ANSWER-it |is |evidence |based, |observable, |and | testable intelligent |design |- |ANSWER-a |proposed |"scientific |alternative" |for |evolution |that |suggests |that |the | universe |and |diversity |of |life |is |too |complex |to |have |evolved |(via |natural |processes) |and |thus |require | a |celestial |intervention. |Believes |that |every |organisms |on |earth |has |been |placed |here |in |its |exact | form |as |we |see |it |today theistic |evolution |- |ANSWER-the |universe |was |created |however, |since |the |moment |of |creation, |the | universe |and |life |have |naturally |evolved. |Evolution |has |occurred |according |to |natural |laws |originally | established |by |the |Creator How |does |theistic |evolution |differ |from |ID? |- |ANSWER-shares |a |religious |basis |with |ID |but |does |not | dismiss |natural |processes. what |if |we |found |evidence |that |showed |natural |selection |was |not |supported |as |mechanism... |would | this |mean |that |ID |is |supported |or |had |an |increased |likelihood |of |being |more |correct? |- |ANSWER-no why |is |ID |not |scientific? |- |ANSWER--deals |with |supernatural -cannot |be |observed -cannot |be |tested -not |iterative |or |self-correcting ID |assumes |that |necessary |components |have |always |been |necessary, |why |is |this |incorrect? |- | ANSWER-what |is |now |a |necessary |function |or |structure |did |not |start |off |that |way
Does |evolution |have |a |goal? |- |ANSWER-No! |There |is |no |objective, |organisms |are |not |striving |to | become |more |perfect |or |complex The |five-kingdom |(Plants, |Animals, |Fungi, |Protista, |Monera) |system |was |proposed |in |1969, |but |has | given |way |to |the |three |domain |system |(Bacteria, |Archaea, |Eukarya) |proposed |in |1990. |What |is |the | most |likely |reason |why |the |five-kingdom |system |of |classification |fell |out |of |favour? |- |ANSWER-It |did | not |reflect |the |actual |evolutionary |relationships |among |organisms |very |well. Algae |in |the |genus |Caulerpa |typically |grow |to |a |length |of |over |half |a |metre |and |have |structures | similar |to |stems, |leaves, |and |roots. |Reproduction |occurs |when |adults |produce |sperm |and |eggs |that | fuse |to |form |offspring |Each |adult |Caulerpa, |however, |consists |of |just |a |single |cell. |Which |of |the | following |statements |is |true? |- |ANSWER-Caulerpa |is |consistent |with |the |cell |theory. ow |is |hunting |affecting |the |bighorn |sheep |populations |in |Alberta? |- |ANSWER-There |has |been | selection |against |large |body |size; |consequences |of |this |are |unknown. to |run |a |controlled |experiment |what |parameters |must |be |held |constant? |- |ANSWER-all |except |the | variable |being |measured Evolution |by |natural |selection |depends |on |- |ANSWER-individuals |having |heritable |traits |that |provide | some |advantage |to |individuals |with |them |compared |to |individuals |without. The |experiment |by |Pasteur |involving |the |swan-neck |and |open |flasks |had |a |good |design |because |- | ANSWER-the |possible |outcomes |led |to |distinct, |unambiguous |conclusions. Which |of |the |following |is |the |best |example |of |heritable |variation? a. |amputation b. |natural |red |hair c. |love |for |music d. |skin |cancer |- |ANSWER-b
irreducible |complexity |- |ANSWER-a |tenet |of |the |intelligent |design |movement |claiming |that |many | structures |and |processes |in |living |things |have |so |many |interdependent |parts |and |steps |in |their | actions |that |they |could |not |operate |unless |all |the |components |were |present |simultaneously |in |their | finished |state assumption |- |ANSWER-a |thing |that |is |accepted |as |true |or |as |certain |to |happen, |without |proof. inferences |- |ANSWER-A |conclusion |reached |on |the |basis |of |evidence |and |reasoning Darwin |& |Wallace's |theory |of |evolution |by |natural |selection |was |revolutionary |because |- |ANSWER-it | emphasized |the |importance |of |variation |and |change |in |populations theory |of |evolution |by |natural |selection |- |ANSWER--characteristics |of |a |population |change |over |time -individuals |with |certain |heritable |traits |produce |more |offspring |than |those |without |those |traits phylogenetic |trees |show |that |- |ANSWER--life |on |earth |has |changed |over |time -different |species |share |common |ancestors lineage |- |ANSWER-sequence |of |species |that |form |line |of |descent phylogenies |represent |- |ANSWER-hypotheses |about |evolutionary |relationships |and |are |revised | according |to |new |info when |does |a |split |occur |in |a |phlogenetic |tree |- |ANSWER-when |the |ancestral |lineage |divides |into |two | descendant |lineages Phenotypic |traits |are |based |on | 2 |things: |- |ANSWER-genetics |& |environment a |common |ancestor |is |- |ANSWER-an |ancestral |organism |shared |by |two |or |more |descendant | organisms
speciation |event |- |ANSWER-A |point |in |evolutionary |history |at |which |a |given |population |splits |into | independent |evolutionary |lineages. Fossil |- |ANSWER-Any |trace |of |an |organism |that |lived |in |the |past evidence |that |species |change |through |time |- |ANSWER-- |fossils |(extinct |species |resemble |extant | species |in |same |area, |transitional |fossils) -evidence |of |living |species |changing |(insecticide |& |antibiotic |resistance) evidence |of |common |ancestry |- |ANSWER--transitional |fossils -homology |(vestigial |traits) -artificial |selection -biogeography transitional |fossils |- |ANSWER-Fossils |that |provide |patterns |of |evolutionary |change |from |the |early | ancestors |to |modern |life |forms. vestigial |traits |- |ANSWER-Traits |that |were |useful |in |ancestors |that |are |inherited |today, |but |that |have | lost |their |original |use. in |which |of |the |following |habitats |would |you |most |expect |a |fossil |to |form? a. |deser b. |mountain c. |freshwater |running |stream d. |bog |- |ANSWER-d. |bog what |are |the |conditions |under |which |fossils |form? |- |ANSWER-- |burial
- |low |rate |of |decomposition -mineralization |(typically)
why |was |the |theory |of |evolution |by |natural |selection |revolutionary? |- |ANSWER-1. |overturned |the |idea |that |species |are |static |and |unchanging
- |replaced |typological |thinking |with |population |thinking
- |its |mechanism |was |scientific population |thinking |- |ANSWER-variation |among |individuals |in |a |population |was |the |key |to | understanding |the |nature |of |species scale |of |nature |- |ANSWER-fixed |species |on |a |continuum |from |simple |to |complex |(linear |model) Larmarck's |Theory |of |Evolution |- |ANSWER-Animals |develop |structures |and |organs |they |need |to |adapt | to |the |environment These |structures |and |organs |are |passed |on |to |its |offspring | (Use |it |or |Lose |it) uniformitarianism |- |ANSWER-Charles |Lyell's |idea |that | geological |processes |occurring |today |are |similar |to |those |of |the |past. gradualism |- |ANSWER-James |Hutton's |idea |that |proposed |explanation |in |evolutionary |biology |stating | that |new |species |arise |from |the |result |of |slight |modifications |(mutations |and |resulting |phenotypic | changes) |over |many |generations. Darwin's |Theory |of |Evolution |- |ANSWER-all |species |of |organisms |arise |and |develop |through |the | natural |selection |of |small, |inherited |variations |that |increase |the |individual's |ability |to |compete, | survive, |and |reproduce. microevolution |- |ANSWER-Evolutionary |change |below |the |species |level; |change |in |the |allele | frequencies |in |a |population |over |generations. macroevolution |- |ANSWER-large-scale |evolutionary |changes |that |take |place |over |long |periods |of |time
population |- |ANSWER-A |group |of |individuals |that |belong |to |the |same |species |and |live |in |the |same | area Malthus' |ideas |of |population |growth |and |food |supply |- |ANSWER-population |growth |is |potentially | exponential |while |the |growth |of |the |food |supply |is |linear |therefore, |a |population |will |outgrow |its | resources natural |selection |occurs |when |- |ANSWER-individuals |with |certain |heritable |traits |produce |more | surviving |offspring |than |individuals |without |those |traits Darwin's |Four |Postulates |- |ANSWER-1. |Variation |exists |among |individual |organisms |that |make |up |a | population
- |Some |of |the |trait |differences |are |heritable
- |Survival |and |reproductive |success |is |highly |variable
- |The |subset |of |individuals |that |survive |best |and |produce |the |most |offspring |is |not |a |random |sample mutation |is |____________, |natural |selection |is____________ |- |ANSWER-random, |non |random A |human |forearm, |a |horse's |front |leg, |a |bat's |wing, |and |a |porpoise's |flipper |have |similar |bone | structure. |What |conclusions |can |we |draw |from |the |similarities |in |bone |structure |between |these | mammals? |- |ANSWER-Similarities |among |vertebrate |forelimbs |suggest |they |evolved |from |a |common | ancestor. Why |was |Darwin |and |Wallace's |theory |of |evolution |by |natural |selection |revolutionary? |- |ANSWER-It | dismissed |the |idea |species |are |unchanging, |and |emphasized |the |importance |of |variation |and |change | in |populations. Why |is |burial |a |key |step |in |fossilization? |- |ANSWER--slows |the |process |of |decay |by |bacteria |and |fungi
- |allows |tissues |to |be |preserved |as |cats |or |molds -protects |tissues |from |wind, |rain, |other |corrosive |elements Lamarck's |theory |of |evolution |proposed? |- |ANSWER--Species |change |through |time.
you |are |comparing |fossils |you |have |found |in |higher |strata |(closer |to |the |surface) |compared |to |fossils | you |have |found |in |lower |strata. |What |do |you |expect |to |find? |- |ANSWER-the |fossils |in |higher |strata | will |be |more |similar |to |modern |organisms |than |those |found |in |lower |strata what |are |some |forms |of |evidence |that |species |change |over |time? |- |ANSWER--in |the |same |area, |living | species |resemble |other |species |that |are |now |extinct -mass |extinctions -transitional |forms |(intermediate |forms) |link |older |and |younger |species -through |descent |with |modification background |extinction |- |ANSWER-small-scale, |due |to |loss |of |habitat, |hunting, |disease, |natural | selection mass |extinction |- |ANSWER-due |to |asteroids, |chance |events |on |a |larger |scale |(over |half |of |life |is | extinguished) given |info |about |nostril |placement |on |the |modern |grey |whale |(nostrils |were |at |the |front |of |the |skull | and |then |moved |to |the |top), |what |is |the |most |logical |to |expect |in |a |transitional |form? |- |ANSWER- nostrils |mid-skull |(25-million |years |ago) descent |with |modification |- |ANSWER-principle |that |each |living |species |has |descended, |with |changes, | from |other |species |over |time artificial |selection |provides |evidence |of |- |ANSWER-descent |with |modification artificial |selection |- |ANSWER-Selection |by |humans |for |breeding |of |useful |traits |from |the |natural | variation |among |different |organisms why |do |we |find |some |species |in |only |specific |locations? |- |ANSWER-due |to |continental |drift biogeogrpahy |- |ANSWER-more |similar |species |tend |to |be |found |in |the |same |geographic |areas
where |are |homologous |features |found |on |a |phylogenetic |tree? |- |ANSWER-at |the |bottom |of |the |tree | (in |most |related |common |ancestor) evidence |of |descent |with |modification |through |time |- |ANSWER-- |extinction -transitional |forms -homologies -change |in |pops |of |living |organisms |correlate |with |changes |in |environment differences |in |homologous |structures |reflect |______ |of |a |common |feature |- |ANSWER-remodelling homologous |structures |can |have |- |ANSWER-the |same |of |different |structures analogous |- |ANSWER-similar similarity |is |not |always |- |ANSWER-homology convergent |evolution |- |ANSWER-similar |traits |in |organisms |facing |similar |changes homologous |evolution |- |ANSWER-A |trait |is |shared |because |it |belonged |to |a |common |ancestor |e.g. | opposable |thumbs how |can |we |tell |if |a |trait |is |homologous? |- |ANSWER--components |have |the |same |basic |structure |in | same |relationship |to |other |features -same |developmental |process -similar |genetic |sequences why |does |relative |dating |of |fossils |have |limited |use? |- |ANSWER-- |it |does |not |provide |us |with |absolute |numerical |dates
- |it |does |not |tell |us |how |much |older |one |fossil |is |than |another
nature |of |mutations |- |ANSWER-arise |from |random |(indifferent) |processes--> |occur |irrespective |of | their |potential |usefulness |to |an |organism when |looking |at |population |variation, |what |is |a |valuable |statistic? |- |ANSWER-mode does |a |dominant |allele |increase |in |frequency |over |time? |- |ANSWER-it |may |or |may |not |but |just | because |an |allele |is |dominant, |does |NOT |mean |it |will |be |passed |on |more |often! allele |frequency |- |ANSWER-relative |abundance |of |diff |alleles |for |a |gene |within |a |pop |(ex. |B1 |or |B2) genotypic |frequency |- |ANSWER-% |of |individuals |in |a |pop |possessing |each |genotype |for |a |given |locus | (gene) |(ex. |B1B1m |B2B2, |or |B1B2) how |to |calculate |allele |frequency |of |dominant |allele |- |ANSWER-p= |(NB1B1 |+ |NB1B2)/ |2Ntotal in |HWE |(no |evolution |occurring) |- |ANSWER-genotypic |frequency= |allele |frequency what |are |the |conditions |of |HWE? |- |ANSWER-1. |no |mutations |occurring
- |no |natural |selection
- |infinite |population |size
- |pop |isolated |from |other |pops
- |random |mating genetic |equilibrium |- |ANSWER-relationship |between |allele |and |genotype |frequencies |in |pops |that |are | not |evolving questions |that |ask: |what |% |carries |both |the |alleles |- |ANSWER-use |2pq darwin's | 5 |observations: |- |ANSWER-1. |pops |have |the |potential |to |increase |exponentially
- |pops |generally |remain |stable |once |they |reach |a |certain |size
- |natural |resources |are |limited
- |individuals |in |a |pop |are |not |identical; |they |vary |in |many |characteristics
- |many |characteristics |are |heritable darwin's | 3 |inferences: |- |ANSWER-1. |not |all |offspring |that |are |produced |survive |and |reproduce |due |to | struggle |for |resources
- |some |individuals |are |more |likely |to |survive |and |reproduce |than |others |because |of |their |heritable | traits
- |diffs |in |survival |and |reproduction |among |individuals |are |non-random, |w |some |traits |being |passed | on |at |a |higher |ratio |than |others |and |inc |in |proportion |in |the |pop |from |one |gen |to |the |next for |fly |starvation |and |resistance |experiment, |what |happened? |- |ANSWER-the |flies |who |were |best |at | resisting |starvation |were |able |to |reproduce what |type |of |selection |occurred |during |the |fly |starvation? |- |ANSWER-directional |selection directional |selection |- |ANSWER-Natural |selection |in |which |individuals |at |one |end |of |the |phenotypic | range |survive |or |reproduce |more |successfully |than |do |other |individuals. |Increases |selection |in |one | direction frequency-dependent |selection |- |ANSWER-the |fitness |of |a |phenotype |depends |on |how |common |it |is | in |the |population disruptive |selection |- |ANSWER-form |of |natural |selection |in |which |a |single |curve |splits |into |two; |occurs |when |individuals |at |the |upper |and |lower |ends |of |a |distribution |curve |have |higher |fitness |than | individuals |near |the |middle, |favours |extremes stabilizing |selection |- |ANSWER-Natural |selection |that |favors |intermediate |variants |by |acting |against | extreme |phenotypes |FAVOURS |INTERMEDIATES directional |selection |changes |- |ANSWER-the |average |value |of |a |trait
In |the |Greenland |population |the |frequency |of |the |M |allele |is |much |higher |than |that |of |the |N |allele | although |the |population |is |in |Hardy-Weinberg |equilibrium. |You |could |therefore |conclude |that |- | ANSWER-Selection |is |not |acting |on |the |MM, |MN, |or |NN |genotypes Mutation |is |the |ultimate |source |of |genetic |variability. |Why |is |this |statement |correct? |- |ANSWER- mutation |is |the |only |source |of |new |alleles A |population |of |chimps |is |in |HWE |(Hardy-Weinberg |equilibrium) |for |a |gene |that |controls |the |presence |or |absence |of |an |extra |digit |on |their |forelimbs. |This |gene |has |two |alleles |(D1 |and |D2), |and |40% |of | the |gametes |in |the |chimp |population |carry |the |D1 |allele. |Given |this |information, |what |is |the | percentage |of |chimps |that |carry |both |the |D1 |and |D2 |alleles? |- |ANSWER-0.48 |(0.4 |x |0.6 |x |2) The |Hardy-Weinberg |equation |is |useful |for |the |calculation |of |changes |in |- |ANSWER-allele |frequencies Medical |advances |now |allow |many |people |who |suffer |from |genetic |diseases |to |survive |and | reproduce. |These |advances |- |ANSWER-reduce |the |effects |of |natural |selection The |Hardy-Weinberg |principle |tells |us |what |to |expect |when |a |sexually |reproducing |population |is |- | ANSWER-not |evolving Allele |R |of |the |rangy |gene |encodes |a |dominant |phenotype. |Given |random |mating |in |the |population, | what |will |happen |to |the |frequency |of |this |allele |in |the |population? |- |ANSWER-cannot |predict |based | on |this |info Darwin's |inference |that |individuals |within |a |population |compete |for |limited |resources |was |based |on | which |observation |- |ANSWER--Most |organisms |produce |more |than |one |or |two |offspring. -Populations |do |not |increase |in |size |indefinitely. -Food |and |other |resources |are |limited |for |most |populations. are |all |genetic |mutations |transmitted |to |the |next |generation? |- |ANSWER-no In |a |bell-shaped |curve, |the |x-axis |(horizontal |direction) |of |the |graph |represents |which |of |the | following? |- |ANSWER-the |value |of |a |characteristic
If |a |storm |kills |many |small |birds |in |a |population, |but |only |a |few |medium- |and |large-sized |ones, |which | type |of |selection |is |likely |operating? |- |ANSWER-directional |selection what |would |happen |if |by |gen | 65 |there |was |no |variation |for |starvation |resistance |but |the |experiment | continued? |- |ANSWER-avg |resistance |would |remain |the |same |in |all |gens |after |gen | 65 differential |reproduction |- |ANSWER-Phenomenon |in |which |individuals |with |adaptive |genetic |traits | produce |more |living |offspring |than |do |individuals |without |such |traits. who |would |be |consider |the |most |fit |individual? |- |ANSWER-the |individual |who |produces |the |most | offspring |surviving |until |sexual |maturity fitness |- |ANSWER-ability |of |an |individual |to |produce |offspring |relative |to |ability |of |other |individuals | within |the |population would |starvation |resistance |be |selected |for |if |the |flies |were |in |an |environment |w |a |lot |of |food? |- | ANSWER-no. |either |because |this |phenotype |would |then |be |neutral |or |because |in |such |an | environment, |the |starvation |resistance |phenotype |might |be |selected |against does |natural |selection |lead |to |perfect |organisms? |- |ANSWER-no. |an |adaptation |increases |the |fitness | of |an |individual |in |a |particular |environment |and |thus, |is |not |universally |good adaptation |- |ANSWER-any |heritable |trait |that |incs |fitness |of |an |individual |in |a |particular |environment | relative |to |an |individual |lacking |that |trait balancing |selection |- |ANSWER-maintains |genetic |variation under |what |conditions |does |fitness |vary? |- |ANSWER--time/space |(temporal) -different |environments |(spatial)
