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Biodiversity - ANSWER broad term used to describe the diversity in genes, species or ecosystems.
When is biodiversity lost? - ANSWER It is lost when populations are greatly reduced in size, when a species becomes extinct, or when ecosystems are destroyed or greatly modified.
Extinction - ANSWER death of a species - the elimination of all the individuals of a particular kind.
Complete extinction - ANSWER occurs when all the individuals of a species are eliminated.
Local extinction - ANSWER Extinction within an spacific area, not as final as complete extinction, indicates the future of the species is not encouraging.
Most likely to become extinct - ANSWER Low population density, found in small area, specialized niche, and low reproductive rates.
Least likely to become extinct. - ANSWER High population density, found over large area, generalized niche, and high reproductive rates.
Genetic diversity - ANSWER term used to describe the number of different kinds of genes present in a population or species.
Influences in genetic diversity - ANSWER Mutations, Migrations, Sexual reproduction,
Population size, and Selective breeding.
Mutations - ANSWER are changes in the genetic information of an organism.
Migrations - ANSWER when individuals of a species from one population to another is also an important way to alter the genetic diversity of a population.
Sexual reproduction - ANSWER it does not create new genetic information, it tends to generate new individuals mixes during fertilization, generating a unique individual.
Population size - ANSWER The smaller the population, the less genetic diversity it can contain and the fewer the variations in the genes for specific characteristics.
Selective breeding - ANSWER Domesticated plants and animals have been modified over many generations by our choosing certain desired characteristics. Undesirable characteristics were eliminated and desirable ones selected for. Can not survive in the wild.
Species diversity - ANSWER measure of the number of different species present in an area; species should have more diversity to survive.
Factors that affect species diversity - ANSWER Geological and evolutionary history, Migration, Size of area, and Human activity.
Ecosystem diversity - ANSWER is a measure of the number of ecosystems present in an area.
Bio and eco services values - ANSWER Nutrient cycling, Cultural uses, Water regulation and supply, Erosion control, Water treatment, Food and raw materials, Atmosphere and climate service, Recreation, Biological control service, Pollution service, Habitat/refuge, Genetic resources, and Soil formation
associated with forest exploitation are exposure of soil to increased erosion, loss of animal habitat and biodiversity, stream-bank, stream siltation, increased water temperature, and a loss of scenery.
What is desertification? What cause it? - ANSWER Desertification is the process of converting arid and semiarid land to desert because of improper use by humans. It is caused by overgrazing, unsuccessful farming practices, and removal of vegetation for fuelwood.
What is extinction, and why does it occur? - ANSWER Extinction is the death of a species or the elimination of all the individuals of a particular kind. Natural extinction can occur in areas where there is a low population density, and small habitat area, a specialized niche, and low reproductive rates, Human-accelerated extinctions occur wherever humans become the dominant organism.
Give examples of ecosystem services. - ANSWER Production of food and raw materials, Soil formation, Recreation, Nutrient cycling and waste treatment, Water services, Climate regulation, Refuges for biodiversity, Disturbance regulation and erosion control, Genetic resources, Atmospheric gas balance, and Pollination and pest control.
List three actions that can be taken to prevent extinction. - ANSWER Actions that can be taken to prevent extinctions include legislation to protect species that are in danger of becoming extinct, the preservation of the habitat required by the endangered species, and education of the local population about the need to protect endangered species.
Biodiversity is a broad term that describes the diversity of ______ in a region - ANSWER Species
Species diversity is the - ANSWER measure of the number of different species in an area.
According to the World Conservation Union, the majority of threatened species are at risk due to - ANSWER loss of habitat and fragmentation.
Patchwork clear cutting is a less environmentally-friendly method of timber harvesting than clear cutting. - ANSWER False
Most species that exist or have existed on Earth are now extinct. - ANSWER True
The value of biodiversity does not include direct economic value. - ANSWER False
Humans do not significantly modify natural ecosystems. - ANSWER False
Over the past hundred years, humans have decreased the species extinction rate. - ANSWER False
The Endangered Species Act - ANSWER gave the government power to use whatever measures necessary to stop the extinction of species.
Changes in the genetic information of an organism is known as - ANSWER mutation.
Genetic diversity of a population can be affected by - ANSWER migration.
sexual reproduction.
population size.
Selective breeding has no affect on genetic diversity. - ANSWER False
Most large urban centers in the U.S. are located - ANSWER on water.
Urban sprawl is best defined as - ANSWER commercial development outside of cities on previously undeveloped land.
Common ingredients in chemical fertilizers, often referred to as macronutrients normally include - ANSWER nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Organophosphates and carbamates were developed to replace chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides because they are - ANSWER less persistent in the environment
Currently, the use of pesticides is greatest in the more-developed world. - ANSWER true
In order for food to be classified as Organic Food, the farmer - ANSWER cannot use genetically modified organisms, chemical fertilizers or synthetic pesticides.
Agricultural chemical use includes insecticides and herbicides - ANSWER true
Monoculture requires large areas of land to be planted with the same crop because - ANSWER harvesting is more efficient.
planting is more efficient. cultivation is more efficient.
Following the rapid advance of modern agriculture in developed countries, - ANSWER developing countries have increased use of chemical pesticides.
Many companies are starting to recognize the value of environmental __________ to their long-term business success. - ANSWER conservation
Over the past decade there has been a lack of interest in sustainable agriculture - ANSWER false
Fertile soils have a balanced mix of minerals, organic matter, micronutrients and macronutrients. - ANSWER true
Beneficial organisms can be used to control pests. - ANSWER true
Describe three factors that influence the genetic diversity of a population. - ANSWER Mutations, Migration, selective breeding, population size, and sexual reproduction
Describe three major causes of he loss of biodiversity. - ANSWER Habitat loss due to agriculture, urban development, logging, and other activities. over-exploitation of fish, wildlife, and forestry resources. Introduction of exotic species that reduces or eliminate native species. Campaigns against organisms considered to be pests
What are the major causes of biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems? - ANSWER over-exploitation by fishers, Destructive harvesting practices such as trawls
List Three problems associated with forest exploitation - ANSWER Problems associated with forest exploitation are exposure of soil to increased erosion, loss of animal habitat and biodiversity, stream-bank, stream siltation, increased water temperature, and a loss of scenery.
What is desertification? what causes it? - ANSWER Desertification is the process of converting arid and semiarid land to desert because of improper use by humans. it is caused by overgrazing, unsuccessful farming practices, and removal of vegetation for fuel wood.
List Three key components of the convention on biological Diversity (biodiversity treaty)
- ANSWER Develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.
Identify components of biological diversity important for its conservation
Monitor biological diversity
identify activities, which have adverse impacts on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.
Identify activities, which have adverse impacts on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.
Establish a system of protected areas
becoming extinct, the preservation of he habitat required by the endangered species, and education of he local population about the need to protect endangered species.
Describe the relationship between habitat needs of a species and the overall survival success of the species - ANSWER
Describe the role of the Red List of Threatened Species in species conservation - ANSWER
List three reasons why land-use planning is necessary - ANSWER land and neighboring resourses are nonrenewable and humans depend on those resources (such as water and soil) for survival. As well as the an area's geographical location can pose threats to unplanned development (such as floods, earthquakes ,etc)
Why did urban centers develop near waterways? - ANSWER they needed a mean of transportation, drinking water, and waste disposal. They are still located on waterways, but the roads and railway systems have also allowed cities to develop off waterways.
List three factors that encouraged people to move from rural farms to cities in the 1800s
- ANSWER People move from rural areas in the 1800s because the need for farm labor decreased and industrial jobs were available in the cities., Additionally, cities offered greater variety in cultural social and artist attractions.
List three factors that encouraged people to leave the cites for suburbs - ANSWER industrial pollution and urban crowding turned the core of many cities into undesirable living areas. Also, the development of automobiles and improved roadways enabled people to travel more easily form their homes in suburbia to their jobs in the city.
List three physical and three social consequences of suburban sprawl - ANSWER loss of farm and natural land, increase in air pollution due to he dependence of the automobile of transportation, and increase in energy use. the social consequences of urban sprawl are loss of sense of community, decay of city centers and loss of open space
Describe tract development, ribbon sprawl, and leapfrog development. - ANSWER the building of similar residence structures in a large space. often these tracts are separated b farmland or open space which is called lead frog development. Ribbon Sprawl is when commercial and industrial buildings line the major highways
What is a Megalopolis? - ANSWER the development of one large urban area as the result of several cities growing together
Describe how each of the following factors contributed to the development of suburban sprawl: automobiles, home ownerships, tax laws, local zoning ordinances, federal government policies - ANSWER The automobile gives people a transportation method to more further from their jobs and the encouragement of home ownerships including tax laws and government policies increased demand for single family homes in the suburbs. additionally until recently little attention was placed on planning for rapid growth.
State three consequences of the dominance of the automobile as a means of transport in urban areas. - ANSWER The dominance of the automobile does have negative consequences including more time spent in traffic, increases funds spent on roads, and loss of green space.
What characteristics of suburbs contribute to a loss of sense of community? - ANSWER suburbs are mostly designed form the auto transportation therefore do not have sidewalks, bike paths, green space, etc. where one cold meet and talk to neighbors, additional, services centralized and must be reached by car therefore there are no neighbor post offices, shops
what characteristics of suburbs contribute to high infrastructure and high energy costs? - ANSWER suburbs have high infrastructure and high energy cost because transportation by automobile is not very energy efficient as well as single family large homes require more energy to maintain that multifamily city units.
How does the development of suburbs around a city contribute to loss of open space, and air and water pollution problems? - ANSWER Unplanned suburban growth does not always take into account the need for parks and open space for recreation. Dependence of the automobile increases non-point air pollution and the impervious surface needed to support auto transportation increases storm water runoff that fills
List for major federal agencies that manage federal lands and their primary responsibilities - ANSWER Forest service; management of tree harvesting and recreation al uses, National Park Service; preservation of land, US Fish and Wildlife ; preservation of land, and Bureau of Land Management; leasing to farmers and miners
Give examples of conflict over the use of federally owned property - ANSWER Conflict often happens over preservation versus recreation on public lands
How does the practice of shifting agriculture provide nutrients for the growth of agricultural products? - ANSWER Shifting agriculture uses the natural nutrients in the soil
what is abandonment of fields important in a shifting agriculture system? - ANSWER Shifting or slash and burn agriculture requires farmers to move their gardens and abandon land to allow to fallow or regenerate nutrients.
List conditions that make labor-intensive farming necessary - ANSWER Better soils and sources of labor are needed practice intensive agriculture
How were the invention of machines and the development of monoculture linked? - ANSWER Machines work best when a field is the same crop therefore mechanization leads to monoculture.
Why are fertilizers used? what problems are caused by fertilizer - ANSWER Fertilizers are used in mechanized farming because the lack of crop rotation depletes certain essential soil nutrients. A problem associated with fertilizer use is increased nutrients in waterways which lead to increased aquatic plant growth.
List three advantages and three disadvantages of large-scale mechanized monoculture
- ANSWER Adv: increase production of food, less labor intensive, and reduce price of food
Disav: energy expensive, impacts o ecosystem by pesticides and fertilizers, and loss of genetic diversity.
What are micronutrients? How do they differ from macronutrients? - ANSWER Macronutrients are needed by plants in large amounts and are in main ingredients in commercial fertilizers whereas micronutrients are needed in trace amounts
list two functions of soil organic matter - ANSWER Soil organic matter provides nutrient to plants and reduces soil erosion
Describe why pesticides are commonly used in mechanized agriculture. - ANSWER Pesticides are used to control pests that would otherwise destroy the crop. They are also relatively cheap and easy to spread.
How do persistent and nonpersistent pesticides differ? - ANSWER Persistent pesticides are stable chemical compounds that long-lasting in the environment. they can be applied once and be effective for a long time, but tend to accumulate in the soil and in nontarget animals. Nonpersistent pesticides decompose to harmless products in a few house or days and do not accumulate in the environment. They are disadvantageous because they require more applications
What is biomagnification? what problems does it cause? - ANSWER Biomagnification is the phenomenon of acquiring increasing levels of a substance in the bodies of higher trophic-level organisms.
Describe how some populations of pests become resistant to pesticides? - ANSWER Pest can become resistant to pesticides by natural selection. There are examples of insects that develop the adaption to breakdown pesticide chemicals so they can survive and reproduce ultimately leading to population of pesticide resistant insects.
how do sustainable farming practices differ from conventional mechanized monoculture? - ANSWER Sustainable farming differences form conventional methods and they strive to conserve water and soil, reduce the use of commercial pesticides and fertilizers, promote biodiversity, and sustain quality of life of farmers and their families
Explain why a complete knowledge of the biology of a pest is important in using integrated pest management - ANSWER understanding the biology of the pest can lead
What does it mean when an area is designated as wilderness? - ANSWER Human activity is severely restricted.
Urban sprawl is best defined as - ANSWER commercial development outside of cities on previously undeveloped land.
Since 1940, the use of mass transit in North America has - ANSWER declined
An example of a local growth management action would be - ANSWER to establish growth limits by restricting building permits.
Early towns were usually built - ANSWER near rivers, lakes, and oceans.
The Green Revolution refers to - ANSWER the introduction of new plant varieties and farming methods during the 1950's and 1960's.
Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with pesticides? - ANSWER increased soil erosion
Organophosphates and carbamates were developed to replace chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides because they are - ANSWER less persistent in the environment
A genetically modified organism has had one or more - ANSWER genes altered.
What Percentage of U.S federal recreational lands is designated as wilderness? - ANSWER 10
Organically grown" is a legally defined term which requires that - ANSWER prohibits
the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers
organic farms must increase soil fertility.
organic farms be certified.
