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BIOD351 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 1 EXAM 2025 LATEST SPRING-SUMMER 100% ACCURATE TEST PORTAGE LEARNING (FORMERLY NURS251) GRADED A+
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Name the 4 effects that drugs have on the body?
Adverse effect general term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effects Toxic effect undesirable drug effects that implies the drug is poisoning the body and can be harmful or even life-threatening risk vs benefit assessment the benefits and risks need to be assessed when the medication has adverse side effects mechanism of action how a drug produces its effects site of action location within the body where a drug exerts its therapeutic effect on a specified drug receptor
onset of action time from the drug administration to the first observable effect duration of action length of time that the drug continues to produce its effect therapeutic range drug concentration is above the minimum effective concentration and below maximum tolerated concentration chemical name defines the chemical composition of the drug generic name nonproprietary name
trade name drugs are marketed under a brand name by pharmaceutical companies under a patented proprietary name specific to that manufacturer there can be multiple trade names for a drug drug classes represent a group of drugs that all work by a common general mechanism of action they may have slight differences in their effect on the body in terms of effectiveness or side effect profiles aqueous preparations syrup is a solution of water and sugar to which a drug is added tablets drug powders that have been compressed into a convenient form for swallowing
oitments soft oily substances (petrolatum or lanolin) containing a drug that is applied to the skin transdermal patch the drug is released from a bandage or patch and then is absorbed through the skin into the blood stream providing continuous sources of drug over 24 hours 4 different drug interactions
Drug chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism medication that is used for diagnosing, curing, or treating disease routes of administration how the drug is introduced to the body oral and parenteral are the most common routes oral administration route of drug administration by way of the mouth through swallowing safest and most convenient however since it goes through the GI tract the therapeutic effects' onset of action is delayed about 30-60 minutes parenteral administration route of drug administration that does not involve the GI tract and therefore fairly immediate ex) intravaneous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation, topical
several min. under the skin intramuscular administration several min for drugs with poor oral absorption, high blood levels are needed, or rapid effect is needed ex) antibiotics intravenous administration 1 min in emergency situations or when administered by infusion parenteral route intrathecal administration 1 min for local effects within the spinal cord
inhalation administration for local effects within the respiratory tract 1 min topical administration 1 hour for local effects on the skin, ear, or eye creams and ointments administration has erratic or unreliable absorption in the blood stream and therefore used for their local effect vaginal 15 - 30 min for local effects 3 main areas of pharmacology
measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0 - 100%) the route of administration influences the absorption stomach acids/time of day/ age/ presence of food or other medication enteral administration drug is absorbed through the GI tract drug is absorbed into circulation via the stomach and/or intestines then to the liver where hepatic enzymes metabolize the drug and then the remaining active ingredients are passed into general circulation distribution refers to the transport of a drug by the blood stream to its site of action first distributed to areas of the body with a high blood supply such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and brain as the drug is being distributed it is also being metabolized and excreted by the liver and kidneys metabolism
biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more potent metabolite or a less active metabolite the liver is the primary site of metabolism and it uses the class of enzymes called cytochrome p- 450 many drugs go through the same enzymatic pathways and can therefore have drug drug interactions cytochrome p- 450 class of enzymes that is found in the liver that metabolizes drugs substrates drugs can bing into the enzyme either as a inhibitor or an inducer enzyme inhibitor prevents the drug from being metabolized enzyme inducer stimulates more drug metabolism
drugs exert their actions on the body in 3 ways
drug binds to receptor and there is no response; prevent the binding of other agonists competitive antagonist drug competes with the agonist, if it binds there is no response noncompetitive antagonist drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it; agonist then has no effect enzymes substances that catalyze or start biochemical reactions within cells drugs can interact with the enzymes and either inhibit or enhance the action of the enzyme nonselective interactions drugs that do not target a specific receptor or enzyme but rather target cell membranes and various cell processes ex) antibiotics
body fat and its impact on drug response higher body fat percentages means that there is less body water for the drug to dissolve in therefore they may have a greater response to the drug drug interaction action of one drug are affected by another drug it can occur in the GI absorption process, distribution, metabolism, or excretion they can increase or decrease action of the drug and be helpful or harmful incompatibility physical changes that occur to a drug when it is mixed with another prior to administration additive effects when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each on their own
synergism when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects antagonism when the combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects pharmacokinetic processes and drug interaction: absorption PPI and iron iron requires an acidic environment for absorption but the PPI can change the acidity pharmacokinetic processes and drug interaction: distribution warfarin and amiodarone competes for a protein binding site which leads to higher levels of the drug in the blood stream which increases the action of both drugs pharmacokinetic processes and drug interaction: metabolism
