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BIOD331 Pathophysiology Final Exam 2025
LATEST UPDATE PORTAGE LEARNING
COMPLETE 150 QUESTIONS 100% REAL
True/False: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. True You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Fred, a 76-year-old male. His hemoglobin levels are 15.5 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? Normal You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Susan, a 48-year- old female. Her hemoglobin levels are 7 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? Abnormal. Normal Hemoglobin levels for a female is 12-15 g/dL
You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Jane, a 37-year-old female. Her hemoglobin levels are 13 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? Normal Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. It is involved in cellular respiration They play a role in apoptosis Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes Which of the following is an active form of Vitamin D? 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Which of the following is an inactive form of Vitamin D? Cholecalciferol
A malignant neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of growth. False. A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of growth. OR A malignant neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and possesses a rapid rate of growth. List 2 differences between benign and malignant neoplasms. Any combination of the following - Benign tumors are well-differentiated cells, resemble the cells of tissues of origin, and have a slow, progressive rate of growth. They grow by expansion and remain localized to their site of origin, not capable of metastasizing. Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy tissue. They grow rapidly, spread to other parts of the body, and lack well- defined margins. They can compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply, causing ischemia and tissue injury. Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut-off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid.
You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. They mentioned that they joined a Silver Sneakers program at their local gym because they read that weight-bearing exercise promotes bone density. What word of caution would you give to them as they participate in this program? While weight-bearing exercises have been shown to increase bone density, they should be done in a safe way, minimizing the risk for falls as they are at increased risk for fracture with a diagnosis of osteoporosis. You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. They mention to you that they are doing safe, weight bearing exercises each day to increase bone density. They are also taking a Calcium supplement. What additional supplement would you recommend they take? Explain why. They should also take a Vitamin D supplement, as it helps to increase calcium absorption. You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. You have suggested that they start taking Calcium and Vitamin D daily. What else can you recommend to slow the progression of this disease?
In a large pneumothorax, the air must be removed by needle aspiration or a closed drainage system with or without suction. You are evaluating a patient in the Emergency Department who was brought in by ambulance after being involved in a serious motor vehicle accident. Their respiratory rate is increased; they are experiencing difficulty breathing, and breath sounds in their right lung are diminished. You order a CT scan and determine that they are experiencing a pneumothorax of their right lung. Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases reveal that blood oxygenation is outside of normal limits. Describe the treatment required to reverse this condition. Emergency treatment of a tension pneumothorax requires the immediate insertion of a large- bore needle or chest tube into the affected side, along with one-way valve drainage or continuous chest suction to aid in re- inflating the affected lung. What are two important properties that stem cells possess? Potency and Self-renewal True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Humoral immunity is a form of innate immunity False, humoral immunity is a form of adaptive immunity.
True/False: The innate immune response takes time to acquire and is developed over multiple exposures to foreign organisms. False, the adaptive immune response takes time to acquire and is developed over multiple exposures to foreign organisms. OR The innate immune response is immediate in nature. True or False. If false, explain why it is false. An initial immune response that is generalized (non-specific) and unable to distinguish between various foreign agents is characteristic of adaptive immunity. False. An initial immune response that is generalized (non-specific) and unable to distinguish between various foreign agents is characteristic of innate immunity. OR Adaptive immunity serves not only to distinguish self from non-self but to recognize and destroy specific foreign agents based on their different antigenic properties. This type of cell remains incompletely differentiated throughout life: Stem cell
Fill in the blank: ________ propel chyme along the small intestine toward the large intestine in one direction. Peristaltic movements Fill in the blank: ___________ occlude small portions of the intestinal lumen to push digestive contents forward and backward Segmentation Waves True or False: Peristaltic movements occur in two directions. False, one direction These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide. Progenitor or parent cells Which of the following are most likely to have arisen from an adult stem cell? Epithelial
Each of the following is characteristic of Addison's Disease except? Emotional disturbances Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT: Hyperglycemia Which of the following would you expect to find if someone has Addison's Disease? Select all that apply. Decreased cortisol levels Hyperpigmentation of the skin Which of the following would you expect to find if someone has Cushing's Disease? Select all that apply. Increased cortisol levels Buffalo hump
Explain how the skin's physical barrier makes it inhospitable to microorganisms Our skin is comprised of closely packed cells in multiple layers. Keratin is what covers the skin and makes it a salty acidic inhospitable environment to microbes with the use of proteins and lysozymes. Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases. You recently diagnosed your patient with Narcolepsy. You prescribed a low dose of Adderall to treat his daytime sleepiness. What are TWO behavior modifications he should make to control/prevent his symptoms? He should practice proper sleep hygiene, avoid sleep deprivation, and practice safety during high-risk activities, e.g. driving. He should take several short naps per day (approximately 15 minutes in length) to help ease the symptom of daytime sleepiness. Your friend is suffering from adjustment insomnia. She just started a new job and is anxious about her new responsibilities. What are TWO behavior modifications she can make to prevent sleep disturbances?
Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. Your patient has been suffering from chronic insomnia for the past 6 months. You have prescribed her Ambien as a sedative, but what are TWO additional behavior modifications she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day),creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. True/False: The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection. False
You are seeing Tom, a 65-year-old male in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in his right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness when he first wakes up, but if he walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot throughout the day. He reports that by the end of the day he has to take a Tylenol because he cannot tolerate the pain. Would you suspect that Tom has OA or RA? List TWO pieces ofevidence that support your diagnosis. Tom more than likely has OA. His age of onset is higher. He has unilateral presentation. His stiffness in the morning is relieved quickly by moving around. His pain worsens the longer he is on his feet. (If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.) Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? Lymphocytes Which cell in the blood provides primary hemostasis? Platelets
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are not complaining of pain, and there are no signs of inflammation. What phase of gout would you place them? Asymptomatic hyperuricemia Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are complaining of severe pain in the affected joint that is painful to the touch. What phase of gout would you place them? Acute gout arthritis Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They have had multiple gout attacks in the past. They are currently not experiencing joint pain, but you notice visible tophi over their affected joints. What phase of gout would you place them? Chronic tophaceous gout (phase 4) A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the emergency room with an anaphylactic reaction. (1) What symptoms might he present with? (2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction? (3) What is the initial immediate treatment?
Which of the following is/are characteristic of normal tissue function, renewal and repair? Select all that apply. Hypertrophy Apoptosis Which of the following is/are characteristic of neoplasia? Select all that apply. Unregulated growth An abnormal cellular growth, resulting in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization is called: Dysplasia True/False: Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are essential for neoplasia. False, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are essential for normal tissue renewal and repair
A 23-year-old African-American man with a history of severe lifelong anemia requiring many transfusions has nonhealing leg ulcers and recurrent periods of abdominal and chest pain. These signs and symptoms are most likely to be associated with which one of the following laboratory abnormalities? Sickle cells on peripheral blood smear An LDL cholesterol reading of 90 would be considered: Optimal A triglyceride reading of 175 would be considered: Borderline high The patient is found to be a severely malnourished alcoholic. The most likely cause of his anemia is: Folate deficiency Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? MCV is decreased
