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BIOD 351 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 9
EXAM 2025 LATEST PORTAGE LEARNING
SPRING-SUMMER 100% VERIFIED TEST
(FORMERLY NURS251) GRADED A+
This exam fully covers all the topics and units in module 9 of BIOD 351 PHARMACOL0GY PORTAGE LEARNING 100% GUARANTEED PASS WITH ALL KEY CONCEPTS AND FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS BIOD351 (FORMERLY NURS251) PHARMACOLOGY Portage Pharmacology Module 9 What are some administrative and technical tasks that specialty pharmacies undertake as a business? providing product training, data management of patient care services, calling centers for patients to who have questions about the drugs answered. What is a specialty pharmacy service that takes of some of the burden from a patient? Coordinating care and making easy drug access
Why do specialty pharmacy services investigate health assistance programs? If someone doesn't have insurance or when their insurance wont cover the specialty medication. What is case management? A structured process used by nurses to ensure client health and service needs are met What is the different between a specialty medication pharmacy and a retail pharmacy? With specialty pharmacies, there is no physical location for the patient to go to. How do specialty pharmacies work? Prescription is sent electronically and received by the speciality pharmacy. Then specialty pharmacy reaches out to the provider or health insurance making sure everything is in order.
What is multiple sclerosis (MS)? An unpredictable, disabling autoimmune disease of the CNS where the body attacks the surface of its own nerve fibers. What does MS do to the body? It disrupts the flow of information and is characterized by damage to the myelin coating around nerve fibers, which causes signals to be disrupted Where is the information from MS disrupted? Both within the brain, and between the brain and the body. What are some symptoms of MS? Fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness, tingling, stiffness, weakness, vision problems, pain, emotional and cognitive changes. What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? A chronic autoimmune disorder causing inflammation and tissue damage in the joints.
What are some symptoms of RA? Pain, stiffness, reduced range of motion. What is RA initially treated with? Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) What is one of the most classic DMARD drugs called? Methotrexate, used FIRST LINE for RA. True or False: There is a cure for rheumatoid arthritis. False: There is NOT a cure for rheumatoid arthritis. What do patients do when DMARDS stop working? They will shift and use a specialty medication for the more progressive disease.
The segment that creates specialty medications. Who defines what is considered a specialty medication? The payer or the health insurance, for reimbursement and contracting purposes. True or False: Specialty medications ARE available at a typical retail pharmacy. FALSE: Specialty medications ARE NOT available at a typical retail pharmacy. What is a specialty pharmacy? Pharmacies built and set up to administer only specialty medications. What are some reasons specialty medications aren't available at a typical retail pharmacy? Financial, practical, or clinical reasons.
Why are specialty medications unaffordable for a retail pharmacy? They can't manage the needs of someone with a complex disease state. Specialty medications require what? A prior authorization What is prior authorization? Special approval needed before insurance will cover specific medication for a patient. What are some examples of Specialty Pharmacy Services? make easy drug access, easier mail order deliver logistics, working with insurance to determine coverage, investigating patient assistance programs What is happening in the body with Crohn's disease? It's mistaking harmless bacteria for foreign and attacking it. Making an unnecessary and exaggerated immune response.
True or False: There has been a development for treatment for Hepatitis C recently, so a cure is very possible- even likely. True. What is HIV/AIDS? HIV is the causative agent for AIDS, and spread through sexual contact. What does HIV stand for? human immunodeficiency virus What does AIDs stand for? acquired immune deficiency syndrome How else can HIV/AIDs spread? Perinatally, when a mother is giving birth to a child, or by infected blood.
What is HIV/AIDS characterized by? An acute illness followed by a longer clinical latency How does HIV/AIDs work to destroy the bodies immune system? It targets a specific type of T cell, called the CD4 cells. Causing the patient to become immunocompromised overtime. Fill in the blank: When patients are in an ____________ state, they are no longer able fight off typical _________ that our immune system typically deals with. immunocompromised, pathogens True or False: With the development of antiretroviral medications HIV/AIDs can be CURED. False: With the development of antiretroviral medications HIV/AIDs can be MANAGED. How is HIV/AIDS treated?
Biologics True or False: Biologics are SOMETIMES considered specialty medications False: Biologics are ALWAYS considered specialty medications How do biologics work? By altering the body's response to disease. Biologics can either _______ or ________ a patient's natural immune response. Enhance, restrict What type of diseases to biologics treat? Cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and some infectious diseases The immune system identifies substances as _______ or ______.
foreign, self What is the name of the cells that eliminate foreign bacteria from the body? macrophages (antigen-presenting cells) What are the two main branches of the immune response? Humoral immunity or cell-mediated immunity. How does humoral immunity work? Immune response mediated by B-cells and the production of antibodies targeted against specific antigens. What are B-cells? Leukocytes (different types of white blood cells) that develop into plasma cells and then produce antibodies that bind to, and inactivate antigens. __________ and __________ are both lymphocytes
By recognizing foreign antigens presented to them signaling them to multiply and release chemical factors that activate cytotoxic T-cells. What do T suppressor cells do? regulate and limit the immune response, balancing the effect of T helper cells What are cytotoxic T cells (natural killer cells)? Differentiated T-cells that can recognize foreign antigens being presented to the surface of another cell. What happens once cytotoxic T cell recognize foreign antigens being presented on the surface of another cell? It attacks and destroys the target cell. What are cytokines? Non-antibody proteins released by activated T-cells upon contact with antigens.
Cytokines act as what? intercellular mediators of an immune response. T cells act through the production of ___________. Cytokines What are some examples of non-antibody protein cytokines? interleukins and interferons, they are chemical mediators that help regulate the activity of the immune system. What do helper T cells do specifically? Through the use of interleukins 1 and 2 they activate natural killer cells, and B-cells which create more antibodies. They also tell them to multiply. What is the mechanism of action for a natural killer cell?
Certain cancers and viral infections What are the three different types of interferons that have been identified? Alpha, beta, and gamma, and they all have their own activity within the body. What THREE DIFFERENT EFFECTS to interferons have on the immune system? They either restore function, augment function, or inhibit function. What is interferon beta-1a used for? Indicated to treat relapsing MS (multiple sclerosis). Interacting with specific cell receptors found on the surface of human cells. How to interferon beta-1a's work? Not fully understood; thought to CALM the immune system and prevent symptoms of MS (multiple sclerosis) from worsening.
What is the mechanism of action of interferon beta-1a? It slows the progression of psychical disability and decreases frequency of exacerbations. What two brand names is Interferon beta-1a marketed under? Avonex or Rebif What is the dosing frequency for Avonex and Rebif? Avonex - once weekly intramuscular injection and Rebif - thrice weekly subcutaneous What are common adverse effects of Interferon beta-1a? Flu like symptoms such as fever, chills, malaise, myalgia, and fatigue. What are monoclonal antibodies? Antibodies designed to attack specific aspects of the immune system.
