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BIOD 351 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 8
EXAM 2025 LATEST PORTAGE LEARNING
SPRING-SUMMER 100% VERIFIED TEST
(FORMERLY NURS251) GRADED A+
This exam fully covers all the topics and units in module 8 of BIOD 351 PHARMACOL0GY PORTAGE LEARNING 100% GUARANTEED PASS WITH ALL KEY CONCEPTS AND FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS BIOD351 (FORMERLY NURS251) PHARMACOLOGY Portage Learning Pharmacology Module 8 Exam What is tolerance? When the effectiveness of a drug is significantly reduced following its prolonged use. What is an example of tolerance? When the body adapts and more of the drug is required to receive the same result.
What is physical dependence? A need to continue taking a drug to avoid the unwanted side-effects of its absence What is addiction? Chronic neurobiological disease in which genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors cause changes in the individuals behavior to compulsively use drugs despite the harm they may cause. Most analgesics can be classified as either.. Opioids OR Non-opioids What are opioids? Synthetic drugs that bind to the opiate receptor in the brain and relieve pain. They are STRONG painkillers that can alleviate pain of any origin.
True What are non-opioids? painkillers that do not work on opioid receptors What is a primary example of non-opioids? Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Medications (NSAIDs) What is pain? A basic protective mechanism of the body What does the sensation of pain do? It serves as a warning of imminent danger (fire) or that there is something wrong in the body (cancer). What are analgesics? Medications that relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness.
What is acute pain? Sudden in onset and pain usually subsides when treated How long does acute pain last? 6 weeks or less in duration What is chronic pain? Persistent or recurring pain that's often difficult to treat. How long does chronic pain last? 3 – 6 months or longer than 1 month after healing of an acute injury
Anti-seizure (anti-epileptic) and Antidepressant medications What is firbomyalgia? A disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory, and mood issues. What is the most common neuropathic pain disorder? Fibromyalgia What is the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia? It's not understood. However, it's believed to amplify painful sensations by affecting the way your brain processes pain signals. What are opioids often referred to? Narcotics; A class of very strong pain relievers originating from the opium poppy plant
What are three different chemical classes of opioids? Morphine-like drugs, Meperidine-like drugs, and Methadone-like drugs Why is it important to know the three different chemical classes of opioids? Its important for a patient who has had an adverse reaction to one type of opioid What is the chemical category of Morphine-like drugs? Phenanthrenes What are some drug examples of Morphine-like drugs? Morphine, Hydromorphone, Oxymorphone, Coedine, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone What brand name is Hydromorphone marketed under? Dilaudid
What is the chemical category of Methadone-like drugs? Phenylheptanes What are some drug examples of Methadone-like drugs? Methadone What is the mechanism of action of how Opioids work to treat pain? They bind to the opioid receptors in the brain; functioning as opioid agonists OR stimulate the opioid receptors, causing an analgesic response. What are the most prevalent opioid receptors that drugs bind to in order to exert its effect? Mu, Kappa, and Delta receptors What is Relative potency/Morphine Equivalents? A system devised by which morphine would be the opioid that all other opioids are compared to in terms of potency.
What is the opioid analgesic schedule of CODINE? Schedule II, but Schedule III when combined with other drugs What is the potency of Codeine? less than morphine What is the potency of Hydrocodone? Les than morphine What drugs have the same potency as Morphine? Oxycodone (II), Methadone (II), and Meperidine (II) What is the potency of Morphine? Good
Special considerations for Methadone (Dolophine) Primarily used to treat addictions through specialized methadone clinics. Special considerations for Meperidine (Demerol)? NOT recommended for long term use due to the build up of toxic metabolites that can cause seizures. Special considerations for Oxymorphone (Opana)? Available in extended release only. Special considerations for Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)? 7 times more potent than morphine. Special considerations for Fentanyl (Duragesic)? Available in a 72-hour patch.
What are some opioid adverse events? Histamine release, which may cause itching, rash and hemodynamic changes such as flushing and orthostatic hypotension What are some serious opioid adverse events? Potential drug abuse, CNS depression leading to respiratory depression, Drug interactions include: barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol. Which opioids have the most amount of histamine? Morphine-like opioids Which opioids have the least amount of histamine? Meperidine-like opioids What are some less serious, but very common adverse effects of opioids? GI tract adverse effects
True or False: Shorter-term opioids need to be treated with a bowel regimen to prevent constipation FALSE: LONGER-term opioids need to be treated with a bowel regimen to prevent constipation What are the TWO Toxicity and Overdose medications that are considered opioid antagonists? Naloxone and Naltrexone What are the drugs and trade names for Naloxone? Narcan (nasal spray) and Evzio (auto injector) What is a standing order? Pharmacists dispensing a medication to patients without a prescription.
True or False: In August of 2018 41 states have now put standing orders in place, making Naloxone UNAVAILABLE to people without a prescription. FALSE: 41 states have now put standing orders in place, making Naloxone AVAILABLE to people without a prescription. What is the hope of increasing accessibility of opioid antagonists Naloxone? The hope is that it can minimize deaths due to overdose and allow more people the chance to seek help through addiction and recovery programs. What is considered the non-opioids of pain medication? Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs What are NSAIDs? Mild analgesics used for low intensity pain with inflammation. What are some things NSAIDs are used for? Arthritis, Headaches, Joint and Muscle Pain
Dicolfenac sodium (Voltaren); also available in a topical gel, Indomethacin (Indocin); used for gout, Ketorolac (Toradol); has a high incidence of kidney failure associated with it What is an example of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors? Celecoxib (Celebrex) What is an example of a Propionic Acid Derivative? Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), Naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve): OTC What is inflammation? Localized protective response stimulated by injury to tissue that serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. What is a result of inflammation? Enhanced blood flow to the site of injury causing pain, fever, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
What is the FIRST inflammatory response released when triggered by an injury? Arachidonic acid, from phospholipids in the cell membrane What are the TWO pathways by which arachidonic acid can be metabolized? The Prostaglandin Pathway (involves COX) or the Leukotriene Pathway (less well understood) What are the ultimate effects of the Prostaglandin and Leukotriene pathways? Inflammation, edema, headache, and other pain characteristics The Prostaglandin Pathway involves what enzyme? Cyclooxygenase (COX) What does Cyclooxygenase do?
