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BIOD 351 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 4
EXAM 2025 LATEST PORTAGE LEARNING
SPRING-SUMMER 100% VERIFIED TEST
(FORMERLY NURS251) GRADED A+
This exam fully covers all the topics and units in module 4 of BIOD 351 PHARMACOL0GY PORTAGE LEARNING 100% GUARANTEED PASS WITH ALL KEY CONCEPTS OVER 100 QUESTIONS BIOD351 (FORMERLY NURS251) PHARMACOLOGY Portage Pharmacology Module 4 How many enodcrine glands are there? 8, but 6 of them are most relevant to drug therapy. Where is the hypothalamus located and what does it do? In the brain, inferior to the thalamus, and it control the pituitary gland. What are two glands that aren't as relevant to drug therapy? The Penial gland and the thymus.
What hormones does the pituitary gland release? It released 8 different kinds: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Growth Hormone (GH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PH), and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Oxytocin. What hormones does the hypothalamus release to cause the pituitary gland to release its 8 respective hormones? It releases Thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GNRH), Somatostatin (inhibits growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone). Which hormones does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulate the release of? GnRH stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSL) and acts either in the ovaries or the testes.
What is the mechanism of action for the release of T3 and T4 thyroid hormone? Hypothalamus releasing Thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH), which causes the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone to release T and T4 thyroid hormones. This stimulates metabolism and growth. What happens when there are high levels of T3 and T4 hormone? It signals to the pituitary and the hypothalamus to stop thyroid hormone mechanism of action. There are two lobes to the pituitary gland, what are they called? The anterior and posterior pituitary glands. What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release? It releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). What hormones the posterior pituitary gland release? It released antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and oxytocin.
What does oxytocin do for pregnant women who are in labor? It stimulates contractions. Where does prolactin act? It acts to stimulate lactation in women who are prego. How do drugs work on the pituitary gland generally? They either act as an antagonist or as a hormone replacement therapy for patients who are not producing enough of a certain hormone. What four drugs treat hormone deficiency in the pituitary gland? Somatotropin, octreotide, vasopressin, and desmopressin. What is somatotropin and how does it work? It mimics the effects of growth hormone by promoting growth within the body. Typically, it is used in children to promote linear growth when they do not produce a sufficient amount of endogenous hormone on their own.
It is a diminished production of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) by the thyroid, and it is much more common than hyperthyroidism. What is hyperthyroidism? It is an excessive production of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4). What is the endocrine system? It is a collection of glands that produce hormones to regulated metabolism, growth, sexual function, development, tissue function, reproduction, sleep, and mood. It maintains homeostasis. What is homeostasis? the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever- changing outside world Where is the pituitary gland located and what does it do? In the brain, inferior to the hypothalamus. It sends hormones as chemical messengers throughout the body to activate/cessate certain homeostatic processes
Where is the thyroid gland located? In the neck. Where are the adrenal glands located? On the surface of both of the kidneys. What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? Cold intolerance, unintentional weight gain, depression, dry brittle hair and nails, and fatigue. What kind of drug therapy is used on hypothyroidism and what is the drug of choice for this therapy? The drug of choice for this condition is known as Levothyroxine and it is a synthetic thyroid hormone replacement therapy. It has a long half life to allow for once daily dosing and it is recommended that patients take it on an empty stomach. What are the 4 main hormones created by the thyroid?
It involves anti-thyroid drugs or surgery. There are two common drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism, they are propylthiouracil, and methimazole. Propylthiouracil is the more commonly used drug and methimazole is rarely used in clinical settings anymore. Why is there an increased concentration of TSH in patients with hypothyroidism? There is an increase in TSH because the low levels of thyroid hormone stimulate the body to continue to release thyroid stimulating hormone. How many parts are there to the adrenal gland and what are they called? Adrenalmedulla - inner part and the adrenal cortex - outter part What are the hormones released from the adrenal cortex? They release hormones called corticosteroid, there are two types, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids. What are mineralocorticoids and what do they do?
They regulate sodium, potassium, water, and extracellular fluid. Aldosterone is an example of a mineralcorticosteroid. There are two ways the body regulates aldosterone levels in the body, what are they? The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, and through the endocrine system via the release of ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone. What are glucocorticoids and what do they do in the body? They are critical to the body's overall funciton. They stimulate the production of glucose (gluconeogenesis) and the breakdown of proteins (catabolism). What are the two specific glucocorticoids that are released from the adrenal cortex and what do they do? They are cortisol and cortisone. When the body is under stress the demand for glucose increases. As a result, cortisol is released to stimulate the production of glucose. What is the disease state where someone is deficient in glucocorticoids called?
How have synthetic corticosteroids been altered relative to the natural versions? They have more anti-inflammatory effect and have less side effects. What are three examples of corticosteroids as drug therapies? Natural occuring short acting steroids, synthetic intermediate actin steroids, and synthetic long acting steriods. What are some examples of natural occurring short acting sterioids? Cortisone and hydrocortisone What are some examples of synthetic intermediate acting steroids? prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, and triamcinolone. What are some examples of synthetic long acting steroids? betamethasone, dexamethasone.
How do corticosteroids work to have their anti-inflammatory effect? They work by activating production of anti-inflammatory proteins, and prevent pro-inflammatory proteins. Why are the effects of corticosteroids so far reaching in the body? Nearly every cell within the body has a receptor for corticosteroids. What mineralocorticoid is used to treat Addison's disease? The drug is known as Fludrocortisone and it used strictly for replacement therapy for patients with Addison's disease. What glucocorticoid drugs are used to treat allergic rhinitis, otherwise known as, inflammation of the inside of the nose due to an allergen? The two commonly used drugs for this condition are fluticasone (Flonase) and Budesonide (Rhinocort).
You can take so much that you actually give yourself symptoms ofj Cushing's Disease, as well as steroid psychosis. This is causes by long term use with high dose, and can result in mood and personality change as well as a psychological dependence on the drug. It would need to be discontinued gradually as it can be an intense withdrawal. What are some adverse metabolic effects that long term use of glucocorticoid steroids can result in? Increased glycogenesis - which is reflected in the symptoms of obesity, diabetes mellitus. and Increased protein catabolism - which is reflect in the symptoms of muscle weakness and wasting, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis, decreased growth in children, decreased wound healing, increased infections, and peptic ulceration. What are some adverse metabolic effects that long term use of mineralocorticoids can result in? Sodium and water retention - which is reflected as edema, increased blood volume, and hypertension. and loss of potassium - which is reflected as muscle weakness, and cramps
What are some miscellaneous adverse effects that are associated with long term use of steroid therapy? Androgenic effects like hirsutism, virilism, or irregular menstruation. and eye complications like glaucoma and cataract formation. and steroid psychosis What hormones are produced by the ovaries? estrogen and progesterone What do estrogen and progesterone do? They cause the endometrium to thicken to prepare it for the implantation of a zygote. It also prevents GnRH, FSH, and LH via negative feedback to prevent another follicle from developing as body prepares to accept zygote in the endometrium. They also simulate ovulation, or the release of the egg. What signals to the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland that no more GnRH, FSH, and LH is necessary?
What is the dosing schedule for this oral contraception usually? Usually a patient will be on 3 weeks of active medication and 1 week of placebo to allow for menstruation to occur. Where is the pancreas located and what is its role? It is nestled between the stomach and the liver. It secretes both insulin as well as glucagon, each of those hormones plays a critical level in regulating the body's glucose levels. What is glucagon and when is it released? It is a hormone that is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, which are responsible for converting glycogen (glucose in the form that allows it to be store in the liver) to glucose in response to a drop in glucose levels in the blood. What is insulin and when is it released? Insulin is a hormone that is released by the pancreas's beta cells when in response to an increase in blood sugar. What is diabetes?
Diabetes is when the pancreas no longer produces insulin or the cells in the body stop responding to insulin or some combination of the two. What is type 1 diabetes? It is an autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies are produced against the beta cells in the pancreas. What is type 2 diabetes? it is more commonly presents in adult and can be controlled lifestyle modifications, oral drug therapy and/or insulin. Beta cells either arent secreting enough or the insulin isnt working well enough What is hyperglycemia? high than normal ranges of blood sugar, a fasting blood sugar greater than 127 mg/dl What is hypoglycemia? low blood sugar. blood glucose less than 70mb/dl
