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BIOD 351 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 3
EXAM 2025 UPDATE SPRING-SUMMER
100% VERIFIED TEST PORTAGE
LEARNING (FORMERLY NURS251)
GRADED A+
This exam fully covers all the topics and units in module 3 of BIOD 351 PHARMACOL0GY PORTAGE LEARNING 100% GUARANTEED PASS WITH ALL KEY CONCEPTS BIOD351 (FORMERLY NURS251) PHARMACOLOGY Portage Pharmacology Module 3 What are the two primary physiological factors effecting blood pressure? Cardiac Output & Systemic Vascular Resistance Define cardiac output? amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute in liters per minute Define systemic vascular resistance
the resistance that is offered to blood flow through a vessel, by the vessel What are adrenergic medications and what do they act on to lower blood pressure? Adrenergic medications are either peripherally acting or centrally acting. There is only one centrally acting medication and it is known as clonadine. This drug reduces norepinephrine levels by acting on the Alpha- 2 receptors of the brain. It also reduces renin production making the creation of angiotensin II impossible. What are the peripheral adrenergic medications and what do they act on? They are alpha and beta blockers. Alpha blockers block the alpha receptor site in the vessels, reducing norepinephine's effects. This dilates the arteries and veins, reducing SVR and blood pressure. Beta blockers like carvedilol block beta receptors in cause a reduction in the heart rate as well as reduce the production of renin. Long term use results in lower SVR. What are ACE inhibitors like lisinopril and how do they work?
What are diuretics, like hydrochlorothiazide, and how do they work? They are chemicals which encourage excretion of sodium and water. This reduces extracellular fluid volumes, reducing overall blood volume and systemic peripheral resistance reducing the work load on the heart. All lowering blood pressure. Can cause a lack of potassium which can cause dehydration, muscle weakness and fatigue. What do the coronary arteries do? supply oxygenated blood to the vascular muscles of the heart that contract to push blood around the rest of the body What is blood pressure defined as? The pressure exerted on blood vessel wall during ventricular contraction At what point does a person's blood pressure fall under the definition of hypertension? When their blood pressure is >150/90 if they are 60 or older. If they are younger, blood pressure is defines as 140/90.
Define Normotensive normal blood pressure 120/ Define prehypertension 120 - 139/80- 89 Define stage I hypertension 130 - 139/80- 89 Define hypertension stage 2
140/ What is ischemia?
What is chronic heart failure, aka congestive heart failure? it is the condition in which the heart is unable ot pump blood efficiently, it begins to build uup in the heart then overflow in the lungs and in the body and lower extremities. What is ejection fraction? stroke volume/end diastolic volume, or the proportion of blood that leaves the left ventricle after contraction of the heart. In people without CHF it is around 55% - 70% of the end diastolic volume. People with CHF usually only eject 30%-55% What is the difference between the New York Heart Association's (NYHA) functional classes of heart failure and the American College of Cardiology Foundation / American Heart Association's (ACCF/AHA) stages of heart failure? The NYHA's classification system is based on the symptoms of the patient and the limitations they place on physical activity. The ACCF/AHA's classification system focuses on disease progression as it is reflected in structural changes to the heart. What kinds of drugs are used to treat congestive heart failure?
ACE inhibitors, ARB's, certain beta blocker adrenergics, and diuretics. What is Digoxin, and what is it used for? Digoxin is in a class of its own, known as cardiac glycosides. It was the mainstay to treat CHF for hundreds of years and was originally derived from the foxglove plant. It has fallen out of favor because it has not been shown to reduce mortality and because it has a risk of toxicity which can result in a lot of side effects. We must be careful when giving it to older patients because they usually clear drugs at a slower rate meaning theyre at risk for toxicity. Side effects include changes in heart rate, GI disturbances, headache, fatigue, confusion, convulsions, colored vision How do Beta Blockers work to help against CHF? Which ones are the preferred Beta blockers for CHF? The adrenergic Beta Blockers block beta receptors in the heart and reduce the heart rate. This makes the heart pump more efficiently in CHF patients. CHF patients are often tachycardia because their body is trying to keep up with the demands of the body with inefficient pumping of the heart. How do ACE inhibitors like captotril, enalapril, and quinapril, and ARB's like losartan, valsartan work to treat patients with CHF
What are trigylcerides? Lipids formed by 3 fatty acids tails linked to glycerol. they supply energy to the muscles Why is HDL good? Takes up extra cholesterol in blood cells and transports back to liver where it can be metabolized What does a lipid panel do? It tests a patients cholesterol levels What is the recommended amount of HDL in the blood stream?
40mg/dl. anything <40m/dl is abnormal. What is the recommended amount of LDL in the blood stream? <100mg/dl. anything >160mg/dl is abnormally high
What is the recommended amount of triglycerides in the blood stream? <150mg/dl, anything >200mg/dl is abnormally high What is the recommended total cholesterol for a patient? <200mg/dl, anything over >240 mg/dl is abnormally high What is hypercholesterolemia? high levels of cholesterol in the blood Which patient groups are good candidates for drug therapy targeting hyperlipidemia? patients with clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, LDL>190mg/dl, patients with diabetes between the ages of 40-75 and an LDL between 70-189 mg/dl, patients with no evidence of CVD or diabetes, but have an LDL 70 - 189 dg/ml and are at risk of developing CVD. What are the 6 types of drugs that are used to treat high cholesterol?
What are some known drug interactions for statins? Taking Gemfibrozil and statins puts patients at higher risk for myopathy. Taking Warfarin and statins together can slow the metabolism of Warfarin and can increase the risk of a bleed because of the increased concentration of the blood thinner Warfarin in the blood When are the 5 other types of cholesterol medications used? When a patient cannot tolerate the statins for whatever reason. Also most of the other types of medications address triglycerides specifically. What Ezetimibe (Zetia) and when is it used? Zetia is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor and it works by blocking the absorption of cholesterol at the small intestines. What Cholestyramine (Questran) and how does it work? Questran is a bile acid sequestrant that works by binding to bile causing it be excreted, which causes the liver to then produce more bile acid, taking up more cholesterol from the blood in the process.
What id Gemfibrozil (Lopid) and how does it work? Lopid works by activating the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme responsible for cholesterol breakdown. Significantly acts on triglycerides. What is Niacin and how does it work? Niacin is a B vitamin and its exact mechanism is unknown but it is thought to be related to cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Significant impact on triglycerides. What are omega-3 fatty acids and how do they work to lower cholesterol? Omega 3 fatty acids, also known as fish oil, work to lower cholesterol by lower triglycerides specifically, although the mechanism of action is not yet fully understood. What is the main role of the kidney? To maintain a water and electrolyte balance. How do the kidneys maintain a water and electrolyte balance?
What is the proximal tubule? It is the first tubule after the glomerulus and it is where 70% of water and electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the body. What is the Loop of Henle? It is the part of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules. 25% of the sodium and water is reabsorbed here. What is the distal convoluted tubule? This is where the last 5% of the sodium reabsorption occurs and is located after the loop of Henle. What is the collecting tubule? The collecting tubule is where the last of the filtrate pools before being excreted from the body as urine. This is where antidiuretic hormone acts to reabsorb water back into the blood stream. ADH is a hormone released from the brain that works regulated water balance in the body.
The medications that work within the kidney are known as diuretics. How many are there and what are they called? They are osmotic diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and potassium sparing diuretics. Which two diuretics are not used as commonly? Osmotic diuretics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are not used as commonly as the other three types. Where do the osmotic diuretics and the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work within the nephron? They work within the proximal tubule. Where do the loop diuretics work? The loop diuretics, which are the most potent of diuretics, work in the loop of Henle. Where do the thiazide and potassium sparing diuretics work? They work in the distal tubule?
the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels. Cardiac output (x) SVR sphygomomanometer (stethoscope) instrument used to measure blood pressure Korotkoff sound the first sound heard as blood begins to flow back through the artery systolic value top number of the patients blood pressure Diastolic Value Bottom number, pressure when the heart is relaxing Hypertension
persistently high blood pressure greater than 130/80. Often an asymptomatic diesease Normotensive BP SBP < DBP < Elevated BP 120 - 129/less than 80 Hypertensive BP
130/> Stage 1 hypertension 130 - 139/80- 89 Stage 2 hypertension
