BIOD 331 Pathophysiology Module 1 Exam Actual Questions and Answers|2025 Update| 100% Co, Exams of Nursing

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BIOD 331 Pathophysiology Module 1 Exam Actual

Questions and Answers|2025 Update| 100% Correct

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Name three intracellular accumulations? Normal Body Substances Abnormal endogenous products Exogenous products What are normal body substances? Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, melanin, etc. What are abnormal endogenous products? those resulting from inborn errors of metabolism What are exogenous Products? Environmental agents and pigments not broken down by the cell What are pathological calcifications? abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts What are two types of pathological calcifications? dystrophic and metastatic What is dystrophic calcification? occurs in dead or dying tissue What is metastatic calcification? occurs in normal tissue What can happen in prolonged ischemia? Ischemia stresses the tissue, it dies, and calcium precipitates out of solution. What is ischemia? an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles. What happens to cells and/or tissues that are ischemic? When this happens, it causes an infarction, in which the cells/tissues die.

How does acetaminophen affect the body? It affects the CNS by changing the way the body senses pain and by cooling the body. Too much of it can have severe effects on the liver. How does Mercury affect the body? Neurological and behavioural disorders may be observed after inhalation, ingestion or dermal exposure Symptoms include tremors, insomnia, memory loss, neuromuscular effects, headaches and cognitive and motor dysfunction. How does lead affect the body? it increases intracellular calcium concentrations and cause nerve damage to the sense organs and nerves controlling the body. Side effects include increased blood pressure. hearing and vision impairment, reproductive, and renal problems What are the fat-soluble vitamins that can be toxic in high amounts? Vitamins D, E, K, A would be considered toxic in these circumstances. What are two dietary deficiencies and their effects? Iron Deficiency Anemia- leads to the inability to make enough red blood cells to supply what the body needs Beriberi- can lead to bleeding gums, loosened teeth and bleeding under your skin What are free radicals? unstable oxygen-containing molecules that can damage the cells of the body and possibly contribute to the increased risk of chronic diseases How does a free radical cause cellular damage? the unstable oxygen carrying molecules overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress which would have an adverse effect on how organs typically operate. What antioxidant vitamins limit free radicals? Vitamins A, C, and E can limit these. What are the two patterns of reversible cell injury? Cellular swelling and fatty change How does cellular swelling occur?

It occurs because impairment of the energy-dependent Na+/K+ APTase membrane PUMP, usually as the result of hypoxic cell injury. How does fatty change occur? It occurs as it links to intracellular accumulation of fat. What is apoptosis? process of programmed cell death Is apoptosis good or bad? This process is good as it eliminates cells that: are worn out excess improper development genetic damage What is necrosis? process of cell death in which a cell dies as a result of injury, but still part of a living person. Explain the three types of necrosis? coagulative- transforms into a gray formed mass (Myocardial Infarctions) liquefactive- becomes a liquid (Stroke; loss of blood in brain) caseous- cheesy material by infiltration of fatlike substances (TB, granulomas) What is the general term gangrene? When a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis. What is Dry gangrene? Affected tissues becomes dry and shrinks, then it wrinkles, and color changes to dark brown or black; slowly spreads. What is wet gangrene? Fast spreading tissue damage where the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. It will be black, moist, and foul smell. Which of the following causes of gene mutation is least common? Intrauterine factors

What is hyperplasia? increase in number of cells example of hyperplasia Examples: Warts and prostate What is metaplasia? reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type Examples of metaplasia include Examples:

• Simple cuboidal tissue of vagina before puberty changes to stratified squamous after puberty
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium of bronchi of smokers to stratified squamous epithelium What is dysplagia? deranged cell growth of a specific tissue Example of dysplasia Examples: changes in the epithelial cells of the cervix cancer Which of the following best describes the cellular adaptation seen in chronic cigarette smokers? metaplasia What are intracellular accumulations? buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate What is Klinefelter syndrome? gender disorder. Results in a male with abnormal body proportions. Underdeveloped testes, is sterile and usually of normal intelligence. Caused by nondisjunction. 47, XXY

What is fragile X syndrome? dysmorphic facial features withdrawn socially jargon, perseveration, echolalia, lack of gestures What is fetal alcohol syndrome? It is a condition of infants who are born to women who consume alcohol during pregnancy; characterized by growth and physical problems, mental retardation, and a variety of congenital abnormalities. What is a teratogenic agent? anything that produces abnormalities in embryonic or fetal development Examples include radiation, chemicals, drugs, and infectious agents. What does TORCH stand for? Toxoplasmosis Other Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes What is toxoplasmosis? parasitic disease that is transmitted through feces of cats who have eaten mice and animals. How can Rubella hurt the unborn? Contraction during pregnancy would be at risk for miscarriage or stillbirth, and their developing babies are at risk for severe birth defects like deafness. How does Folic Acid deficiency affect development? If deficient, higher risk for neural tube defects that leads to defects that affect the spine (Spina Bifida), spinal cord, or brain and may cause death How does is Amniocentesis tested and what is it for? uses a needle to remove a small amount of amniotic fluid from inside your uterus, and then a lab tests the sample for specific conditions. prenatal tests that can diagnose genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, spina bifida, and other health issues in a fetus. How do you test for Percutaneous cord blood sampling (PUBS), and what is it for?

These stages include: initiation-cells exposed to carcinogenic agents promotion- unregulated growth Progression- invasive and capable of spreading What does metastasis mean? to spread Why does cancer cause bleeding and anemia? Cancer cells kills of red blood cells which ultimately leads to these blood conditions What is cachexia? weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness What are some examples of carcinogenic agents? Chemical and radiation agents would be considered a factor How can we screen for cancer? We use: Lab Tests Tumor markers Staging and grading Early screening palpation How do we treat cancer? Modes of: Surgery radiation hormonal, targeted, bio therapy chemotherapy

What kind of cancers children typically get? Brain Tumors Neuroblastoma Wilms Rhabdomyosarcoma embryonal sarcoma retinoblastoma osteosarcoma Ewing sarcoma What is an important factor to consider with radiation and chemo for children? Using such treatments on children can have potential long term risks as they get older. Where is blood made? bone marrow is where it is made. How is blood made? originates in the bone marrow; start off as stem cells and mature and begin circulating through the vessels to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste to and from tissues, destroyed by the spleen What is hemopoiesis? blood cell production What cells mature in the thymus? T lymphocytes mature at this gland What are 3 main types of blood cells? erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets Which is not a component of blood? Mast Cell What is the function of erythrocytes? Oxygen carrying Red Blood Cells What are Thrombocytes? Also called platelets, They are part of the clotting process and they have no nucleus.

When this protein is insufficient, water leaves the vessels and enters into cells, it would lead to this What is third spacing? occurs when too much fluid moves from the intravascular space (blood vessels) into the nonfunctional area between cells. What are the body fluid compartments? intracellular and extracellular What is agranulocytosis? a deficiency of granulocytes in the blood, causing increased vulnerability to infection. What are agranulocytes? Consists of lymphocytes and monocytes What is the function of lymphocytes? White blood cells that Provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies What are monocytes? immature macrophages What are microphages? neutrophils and eosinophils that normally circulate in the blood What are cytokines? chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus hormone like growth factors What is erythropoietin (EPO)? The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in our bone marrow; used for anemia What is thrombopoietin (TPO)? (a protein); stimulates megakaryocytes (large bone marrow cell, produces platelets) to proliferate; used for thrombocytopenia What is thrombocytopenia? Condition of low platelet count What is Thrombocytosis? Condition with abnormally high platelet count What is jaundice?

A yellowing of the skin and eyes What is hyperbilirubinemia? High levels of bilirubin in the blood causing jaundice.