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BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
| ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS | GRADED A+ | VERIFIED
ANSWERS | LATEST VERSION
What is true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Dietary deficiencies aren't common Peripheral neuropathy can be a result of it B12 is bound to intrinsic factor Your patient has recently been diagnosed with GERD. They have been prescribed a PPI for treatment. List one behavioral modification they could adopt and one food or drink they could eliminate from their diet to prevent worsening of symptoms. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Foods - coffee/caffeine, chocolate, mints, citrus fruits, acidic/spicy foods, or fats. Behavior modifications - Avoid positions that increase reflux, like lying down immediately after eating or bending. Avoiding large meals close to bedtime and sleeping with the head elevated may help to prevent reflux at night. Weight loss is recommended if needed. Your patient has recently been diagnosed with GERD. They have been prescribed a PPI for treatment. List TWO beverages and/or foods they should limit or eliminate from their diet to prevent worsening of symptoms. - --------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Any of the following are correct answers: coffee/caffeine, chocolate, mints, citrus fruits, acidic/spicy foods, or fats. Your patient has recently been diagnosed with GERD. They have been prescribed a PPI for treatment. List TWO behavioral modifications they
could adopt to prevent worsening of symptoms. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Any of the following are correct answers: Avoid positions that increase reflux, like lying down immediately after eating or bending. Avoiding large meals close to bedtime and sleeping with the head elevated may help to prevent reflux at night. Weight loss is recommended if needed. Each of the following are risk factors for secondary hyperlipidemia except? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Autosomal dominant disorder of LDL receptor YES --> obesity, DM, high cholesterol diet Explain the diagnostic criteria required for an autoimmune disease to be concluded. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------In order for an autoimmune disorder to be concluded, the following criteria must be met: evidence of an autoimmune reaction, the immunologic findings are not secondary to another condition, and no other identifiable causes are found. Diagnosis of an autoimmune disease is made by following patient history, physical evidence, and serological findings. Explain why blood tests alone are not enough to diagnose an autoimmune disorder. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Blood testing can be imprecise, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases. Briefly explain why autoimmune diseases are difficult to diagnose --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------There are over 80 identified autoimmune disorders identified, many with overlapping and/or nonspecific presentations, making an accurate diagnosis can be quite challenging.
- Stop smoking, lose weight/exercise, healthy diet (low-fat, low- cholesterol), adhere to medication for blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and/or diabetes. An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to the increase in size of the cells that comprise it is called: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- Hypertrophy A decrease in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in the mass of pre-existing cells is called: ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Atrophy A patient is experiencing a severe reduction in GFR, and their GFR is 15- 29 mL/min/1.73m2. What stage of kidney disease are they in? --------- CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 4 A patient is experiencing kidney damage with a mild decrease in GFR, and their GFR is 60-89 mL/min/1.73m². What stage of kidney disease are they in? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 2 Steve is a 55-year-old male who has atherosclerosis. Steve smokes 2 packs of cigarettes per day, and his lipid panel reveals that he has elevated LDL and low HDL levels. List one thing Steve can do to slow the progression of atherosclerosis or mitigate its effects. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------He could stop smoking and change his diet to decrease his LDL and increase his HDL levels.
Steve is a 55-year-old male who has atherosclerosis. Steve is obese, smokes 2 packs of cigarettes per day, and coronary artery disease runs in his family. Steve can make several lifestyle changes to mitigate the effects of atherosclerosis; however, there are things he cannot control. Name one of them. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Steve is an older male, and CAD runs in his family. Give a specific example of how our diet can increase our risk for cancer. --- ------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Any of the following are acceptable answers: While some dietary carcinogens occur naturally in plants (aflatoxins), others are used in the preparation or preservation of food. For instance, when foods are fried in fat that has been reused multiple times, due to the extreme heat, benzo[a] pyrene (and other polycyclic hydrocarbons) are converted to carcinogens. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are among the most potent and can be found in many common places. They are produced from animal fat when charcoal-broiling meats, are present in smoked meats and fish, and are also present in tobacco smoke. Nitrosamines are formed in foods that are smoked, salted, cured, or pickled using nitrites or nitrates as preservatives. The effects of nitrosamines, however, may be reduced by antioxidants such as vitamin C found in fruits and vegetables. Colon cancer is associated with high dietary fat and red meat intake and low dietary fiber intake, as well as obesity and low physical activity. Explain one reason why obesity puts someone at increased risk for cancer. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and increased production of pancreatic insulin, both of which can have a carcinogenic effect. It is associated with increased levels of sex hormones, androgens, and estrogens. These stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and increase the chance of malignant cell transformation, especially of the endometrial and breast tissue. Lastly, obesity has been related to chronic inflammation, which can lead to the development of malignancies.
True/False: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------True You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Fred, a 76-year-old male. His hemoglobin levels are 15.5 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Normal You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Susan, a 48-year-old female. Her hemoglobin levels are 7 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Abnormal. Normal Hemoglobin levels for a female is 12-15 g/dL You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Jane, a 37-year-old female. Her hemoglobin levels are 13 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Normal Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------It is involved in cellular respiration They play a role in apoptosis Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes
Which of the following is an active form of Vitamin D? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Which of the following is an inactive form of Vitamin D? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cholecalciferol Which of the following is synthesized in the kidney and regulates the differentiation of red blood cells within bone marrow? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Erythropoietin Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false. A benign neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and possesses a rapid rate of growth. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False. A malignant neoplasm invades and destroys tissues and possesses a rapid rate of growth. OR A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of growth. True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false. A malignant neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of growth. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- False. A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of growth.
You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. They mention to you that they are doing safe, weight bearing exercises each day to increase bone density. They are also taking a Calcium supplement. What additional supplement would you recommend they take? Explain why. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------They should also take a Vitamin D supplement, as it helps to increase calcium absorption. You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. You have suggested that they start taking Calcium and Vitamin D daily. What else can you recommend to slow the progression of this disease? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------You should recommend regular weight-bearing exercises to increase bone density. This should be done in a safe manner minimizing the risk for falls. (The key is safety. Weight-bearing exercises done safely is the best answer, but exercise done in a way that minimizes risk of fractures is the key. Exercises done safely as an answer should receive full credit.) True/False: Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types. ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----False, cell differentiation True/False: Cell differentiation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False, cell proliferation You are working in the Emergency Department, and a 17-year-old male who is 6'2" is brought in via ambulance with complaints of chest pain on the left side and difficulty breathing. His parents report that he was playing basketball in their driveway and suddenly collapsed with complaints of the
above symptoms. You order a CT scan of his chest and determine that he has experienced a large, spontaneous pneumothorax in his left lung. Describe the treatment required for this condition. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------In a large pneumothorax, the air must be removed by needle aspiration or a closed drainage system with or without suction. You are evaluating a patient in the Emergency Department who was brought in by ambulance after being involved in a serious motor vehicle accident. Their respiratory rate is increased; they are experiencing difficulty breathing, and breath sounds in their right lung are diminished. You order a CT scan and determine that they are experiencing a pneumothorax of their right lung. Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases reveal that blood oxygenation is outside of normal limits. Describe the treatment required to reverse this condition. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Emergency treatment of a tension pneumothorax requires the immediate insertion of a large- bore needle or chest tube into the affected side, along with one-way valve drainage or continuous chest suction to aid in re-inflating the affected lung. What are two important properties that stem cells possess? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Potency and Self-renewal True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Humoral immunity is a form of innate immunity ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False, humoral immunity is a form of adaptive immunity. True/False: The innate immune response takes time to acquire and is developed over multiple exposures to foreign organisms. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False, the adaptive immune response takes time to acquire and is developed over multiple exposures to foreign organisms. OR The innate immune response is immediate in nature.
Which of the following would you expect to find if someone has Addison's Disease? Select all that apply. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Decreased cortisol levels Hyperpigmentation of the skin Which of the following would you expect to find if someone has Cushing's Disease? Select all that apply. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Increased cortisol levels Buffalo hump
- __________ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites
- The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as ______. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------1. Chemotherapy
- Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome What type of signaling occurs when a cell releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------Autocrine What type of signaling depends on hormones carried in the bloodstream to act on cells throughout the body? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Endocrine
What type of signaling occurs in the nervous system as neurotransmitters act on adjacent nerve cells? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Synaptic Explain how the skin's physical barrier makes it inhospitable to microorganisms ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Our skin is comprised of closely packed cells in multiple layers. Keratin is what covers the skin and makes it a salty acidic inhospitable environment to microbes with the use of proteins and lysozymes. Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases. You recently diagnosed your patient with Narcolepsy. You prescribed a low dose of Adderall to treat his daytime sleepiness. What are TWO behavior modifications he should make to control/prevent his symptoms? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------He should practice proper sleep hygiene, avoid sleep deprivation, and practice safety during high-risk activities, e.g. driving. He should take several short naps per day (approximately 15 minutes in length) to help ease the symptom of daytime sleepiness. Your friend is suffering from adjustment insomnia. She just started a new job and is anxious about her new responsibilities. What are TWO behavior modifications she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns
You are seeing Lynn, a 40-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in the DIP joints of both of her hands. She is a medical transcriptionist and types all day long. She reports that her pain gets worse as the day goes on. Would you suspect that Lynn has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Lynn more than likely has OA. Her age of onset is between 30 and 60. Her DIP joints are affected, which is common with OA but not for RA. She has a job that is repetitive in nature. Her symptoms get worse with activity/as the day goes on. (If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.) You are seeing Tom, a 65-year-old male in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in his right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness when he first wakes up, but if he walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot throughout the day. He reports that by the end of the day he has to take a Tylenol because he cannot tolerate the pain. Would you suspect that Tom has OA or RA? List TWO pieces ofevidence that support your diagnosis. --- ------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Tom more than likely has OA. His age of onset is higher. He has unilateral presentation. His stiffness in the morning is relieved quickly by moving around. His pain worsens the longer he is on his feet. (If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.) Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Lymphocytes
Which cell in the blood provides primary hemostasis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Platelets Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are not complaining of pain, and there are no signs of inflammation. What phase of gout would you place them? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Asymptomatic hyperuricemia Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are complaining of severe pain in the affected joint that is painful to the touch. What phase of gout would you place them? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Acute gout arthritis Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They have had multiple gout attacks in the past. They are currently not experiencing joint pain, but you notice visible tophi over their affected joints. What phase of gout would you place them? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Chronic tophaceous gout (phase 4) A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the emergency room with an anaphylactic reaction. (1) What symptoms might he present with? (2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction? (3) What is the initial immediate treatment? (4) What are 2 things people with anaphylaxis should always carry? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------(1) Any of the following reactions are accepted. Grade I: erythema and urticaria, with or without angioedema
True/False: Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are essential for neoplasia. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis are essential for normal tissue renewal and repair A 23-year-old African-American man with a history of severe lifelong anemia requiring many transfusions has nonhealing leg ulcers and recurrent periods of abdominal and chest pain. These signs and symptoms are most likely to be associated with which one of the following laboratory abnormalities? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sickle cells on peripheral blood smear An LDL cholesterol reading of 90 would be considered: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Optimal A triglyceride reading of 175 would be considered: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Borderline high The patient is found to be a severely malnourished alcoholic. The most likely cause of his anemia is: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Folate deficiency Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------MCV is decreased
Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? ------- --CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Dietary deficiencies are common The flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs is called: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ventilation The flow of blood in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries is called: --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Perfusion The transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries is called: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Diffusion ____ is the transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Diffusion ______ is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Ventilation True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Apoptosis sets off an inflammatory immune response. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False, Necrosis sets off an inflammatory immune response. Each of the following is true of apoptosis except: ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------It sets off an inflammatory immune response
