Download Anatomy and Functions of the Human Nervous System: A Comprehensive Study Guide and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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Human Brain Divisions CORRECT ANSWERS✅ cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum. What protects the brain? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ skull, meninges, and BBB. Ventricles of the brain CORRECT ANSWERS✅ cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid; 2 lateral, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle Meninges CORRECT ANSWERS✅ 3 layers of connective tissue that cover and protect the CNS organs and enclose CSF. Dura Mater CORRECT ANSWERS✅ thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord pia mater CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. CSF CORRECT ANSWERS✅ special fluid formed in walls of ventricles from blood plasma by permeating through the choroid plexus; cushions the brain and spinal cord by providing buoyancy, allowing the brain to float. BBB CORRECT ANSWERS✅ diffusion barrier that prevents most particles from entering CNS tissue; brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation. Formed by impermeable brain capillaries, due to astrocytes due to need for stable chemical environment.
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Cerebrum CORRECT ANSWERS✅ largest part of the brain, 83%; includes median longitudinal fissure, left and right cerebral hemispheres, gyri, sulci, and fissures corpus callosum CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A bridge of white nerve fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres Cerebral cortex CORRECT ANSWERS✅ outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain Deep sulci CORRECT ANSWERS✅ frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Frontal sulci CORRECT ANSWERS✅ controls higher level executive fx like reasoning and decision making; controls motor fx and control over voluntary muscle actions parietal lobe CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch; receive sensory info from receptors in mouth for taste and in skn four touch, pain, and pressure. Occipital CORRECT ANSWERS✅ interprets visual input Temporal CORRECT ANSWERS✅ sensory areas for hearing and smelling Association areas CORRECT ANSWERS✅ act mainly to integrate more than 1 type of sensory info for purposeful action
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hiccuping and swallowing, tracts that ascend or descend between SC and brains higher centers vasoconstriction CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. Pons CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Contains axon bundles traveling between cerebellum and rest of CNS; fx with medulla to regulate breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements in response to auditory and visual stimuli Midbrain CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Acts as a relay center for tracts passing between the cerebrum, SC or cerebellum; reflex-centers for higher levl fxs involved in visual, auditory, and tactile responses. Superior and inferior colliculi CORRECT ANSWERS✅ located at the rostral end of the brainstem, control reflexes for head, neck in response to sudden visual or auditory stimulus Diencephalon CORRECT ANSWERS✅ thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus maintains homeostasis, regulates basic body fx like hinger, sleep, thirst, body temp, water balance, and BP Controls pituitary gland by regulating hormones of endocrine link between nervous and endocrine systems
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Thalamus CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla; filters out unimportant sensory info and directs it to appropriate regions of cerebruum for interpretation. Epithalamus CORRECT ANSWERS✅ contains the pineal gland (melatonin for sleep- wake cycle) Cerebellum CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Mini-Brain composed of thin outer cortex of gray matter and internal white matter Maintain balance, certain eye movements, normal muscle tone, and posture keeps joints and bones in place Anterior and posterior lobes CORRECT ANSWERS✅ receive info from body trunk and influence motor activities of trunk, shoulders, and pectoral girdle muscles Vermis CORRECT ANSWERS✅ intermediate portion/ coordinates limb movements cerebellar peduncles CORRECT ANSWERS✅ fiber tracts that communicate with other parts of the brain
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part of limbic system responsible for working with the cerebellum to regulate planning motor movements and motor learning overall effect is to have an inhibitory effect of cerebral cortex to slow down and control precise movements Parkinson's disease Apraxia CORRECT ANSWERS✅ inability to perform particular purposive actions, as a result of brain damage. Results in rigid movements and difficulty in executing a motor plan. Spinal Cord CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain extends from brainstem to 1st lumbar vertebrae and terminates at the conus medullaris Cauda equina CORRECT ANSWERS✅ collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord vertebral column CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Protects spinal cord, meninges, and csf
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spinal dura mater CORRECT ANSWERS✅ single-layer sheath that is separated from vertebral column via epidural space Filium terminale CORRECT ANSWERS✅ extension of pia mater, anchors spinal cord to coccyx Spinal tap CORRECT ANSWERS✅ placement of a needle through an intervertebral space into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF less risk to damage at L central canal/vertebral foramen CORRECT ANSWERS✅ opening that runs length of spinal cord and filled with CSF White matter in SC CORRECT ANSWERS✅ composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, organized into columns. Tracts of SC CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a bundle of nerve axons, cross-over to opposite side of SC What makes L-side control the R-side and vice versa Dorsal root CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the sensory branch of each spinal nerve; cell bodies of afferent neurons
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Dorsal ramus CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Contains nerves that serve dorsal portions of trunk Ventral ramus CORRECT ANSWERS✅ nerves that serve the remaining ventral part of upper and lower limbs Plexus CORRECT ANSWERS✅ some ventral rami merge with adjacent ventral rami, a network of interconnecting nerves Major plexus CORRECT ANSWERS✅ cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral Spinal nerve path CORRECT ANSWERS✅ signal passes through dorsal roots into SC and to the brain for processing command signal sent down the SC to appropriate level and out ventral root of SC signal carried via spinal nerve to appropriate destination to muscle fiber to enable voluntary muscular contraction. Dermatomes CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root Cervical plexus CORRECT ANSWERS✅ C1-C
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Phrenic nerve: most important, supplies both motor and sensory fibers to diaphragm (irritation causes hiccups) if severed, paralysis which requires a ventilator Brachial plexus CORRECT ANSWERS✅ C5-T innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limbs Axillary nerve CORRECT ANSWERS✅ deltoid and teres minor, long head of triceps brachii, sensory part of shoulder joint Radial nerve CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Supplies triceps brachii of arm, as well as 12 muscles in forearm controlling wrist and finger extension; sensory info to associated joints and overlying skin wraps elbow joint and radial nerve of humerus then follows radial nerve in forearm Median nerve CORRECT ANSWERS✅ supplies flexor muscles of forearm and skin of first 3.5 fingers Ulnar nerve CORRECT ANSWERS✅ supplies part of flexor muscles of forearm, wrist, and hand, skin of 1/2 ring finger, and pinky Musculocutaneous nerve CORRECT ANSWERS✅ flexor muscles of arm, including biceps brachii, and brachialis
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Made up of motor neurons that control internal organs automatically and w/o conscious intervention.
