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BIOD 152 Final Exam Essential Human
Anatomy & Physiology II: Portage
Learning (Verified Questions & Answers
100% Verified)
This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. nerves This part of the autonomic system increases digestion parasympathetic nervous system The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons Motor (efferent) This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body Dendrites A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the: A. CNS B. PNS C. Autonomic system D. Somatic E. A and C D. B and D B and D
True or False: Neurons do not physically touch each other True. They are seperated by synapses Describe the function and release of neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles at the end of the axon terminals.
- When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another An efferent neuron carres information: A From the CNS to the PNS B. From the PNS to the CNS C Within the CNS D Within the PNS A From the CNS to the PNS A presynaptic neuron would be found: A before the synapse B. after the synapse C. Inside the synapse D. Only in the PNS A Before the synapse What is the location and function of astrocytes
C. It must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting rate True or False: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your answer. False. There is no variation in the strength of an action potential. There is only variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing. Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular junction: A The NMJ terminates on neurons within the brain and spinal cord B The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber C The NMJ terminates on a presynaptic motor D The NMJ does not have a synapse B The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber How is a message sent from one neuron to another There is a minute fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried. What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions Acetylcholine ACh
True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron False: only one direction in the same neuron True or false: reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain False In a reflex, the ______ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the CNS Sensory/afferent Where is the integration center of a reflex located CNS Which of the following statements is true about reflexes? A. reflexes only involve the brainstem or higher levels of processing B. regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of reflex C. Reflexes cannot be tested because they are internal D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary B. Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex What is true about the stretch reflex? A. stretch reflexes help to increase the stretch on a muscle B. the patellar reflex tests the stretch reflex of the patella
Action: to muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot) Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of Acetylcholine. Patients with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to contract their muscles. Explain why this would occur. The nervous system interacts with the muscular system at the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine must be released from the presynaptic motor neuron into the synapse to bind onto muscle fiber, eventually causing a muscle contraction. Without the release of acetylcholine, there will be no interaction between the nervous system and the muscular system and therefore no muscle contraction This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain Pia mater The _____ fissure seperates the right and left cerebral hemisphere Median longitudinal Describe the function of the brain ventricles There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chamber filled with cerebrospinal fluid which is produced there. Once formed the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space bathing and floating the brain
All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: A. maintain homeostasis B. Controls the pituitary gland C. Links the nervous and endocrine system D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum What is the largest portion of the brain? cerebrum This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information A. Primary sensory cortex B. Primary motor cortex C. Association area D. Precentral gyrus D. Postcentral gyrus C. Association area A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged Broca's area What is muscle tone and how is it maintained
C. Stroke suvivors may regain some lost functions through therapy D. A hemorrhagic stroke is due to broke blood vessels A. An ichemic stroke is known as a 'Brain Bleed' A patient is unable to extend his fourth and fifth digits when asked to open his hand. What is most likely the cause? Ulnar nerve damage Which of the following is true about the trigeminal nerve? A. The mandibular branch recieves sensory information from taste buds B. the opthalmic branch controls eye movements C. The maxillary branch recieves information from the upper lip D. The maxillary branch controls the muscles of mastication C. The maxillary branch recieves information from the upper lip cranial nerve recieves sensory information for smell Olfactory This cranial nerve controls the inferior oblique muscle Occularmotor This cranial nerve has three branches Trigeminal This cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the anterior portion of the tongue Facial
This cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the posterior portion of the tongue Glossopharyngeal The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves: T12-L A patient is on a ventilator post car accident. What region of the spine is most likely damaged C03-C A patient is not able to extend his left wrist or fingers what nerve is most likely damaged Radial A patient sustained damage to their femoral nerve what is most likely limited Hip flexion, knee extension Which of the following is true concerning the brachial plexus A. Roots are located furthest from the spinal cord B. there are anterior and posterior divisions C. Divisions branch next into cords; anterior and posterior D. The the posterior cord forms the median nerve B. There are anterior and posterior divisions These contrain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head and limbs
What sense does not have specialized sense organs touch The posterior portion of the outer fibrous layer of the eye is called the sclera The middle layer of the eye includes what regions ciliary body and iris True or false: cones operate best in dim light false What is the correct order of how light passes through the eye cornea, lens, vitreous fluid, retina True or false: all sensory information from the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm false The _______ is controlled by the abducens nerve Lateral rectus Your elderly patient is discussing her vision problems. She describes her vision as cloudy and dark. Her vision has progressively worsened over the last year. What most likely is causing the vision problem? Explain your reasoning. A. Cataracts B. Cranial nerve damage C. Brain tumor in the occipital lobe
D. Medial rectus damage E. Lateral rectus damage A. Cataracts, due to lens slowly becoming hardened overtime. Light is not able to be refracted onto the retina Which of the following statements is false regarding the external ear? A. The lobule does not contain cartilage B. The auricle funnels sound into the external acoustic meatus C. The helix contains cartilage D. The external acoustic meatus travels through the parietal bone D. The external acoustic meatus travels through the parietal bone (it travels through the temporal bone) Which of the following statement is true regarding the middle ear? A. It is filled with fluid B. it is filled with air C. The malleus recieves vibrations from the stapes D. The stapes recieves vibrations from the cochlea B. It is filled with air Which of the following statements is true regarding the inner ear? A. the organ of Corti is responsible for the body's auditory sense B. it is filled with air C. the cochlea is responsible for the body's vestibular sense D. There are two semicircular canals which house sensory receptors
True or false: olfaction is a mechanical sense activated by mechanoreceptors in the nasal mucous membranes False What are the primary odors in humans Floral musky pungent putrid A person cannot percieve tastes from the posterior portion of their tongue. What nerve is most likely damaged Glossopharyngeal A bolus is formed by what tongue The papillae that do not contain taste buds are ______ filiform papillae A patient has lost his sense of taste following a TBI. What term should be documented to describe his loss of taste Aguesia True or false: the tongue contains nocireceptors and thermoreceptors in addition to chemoreceptors True
Describe the steps in the olfactory pathway. Begin in the nasal cavity and end in the specific lobe of the brain.
- Chemicals dissolve in nasal mucosa
- Detected by olfactory receptors (bipolar cells)
- Olfactory nerves, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract
- Temporal lobe of the brain A patient sustains an injury to the the Organ of Corti. What type of deafness does the patient most likely have? explain Nerve deafness
- Occurs from damage to the nerve for the auditory pathway. The Organ of Corti is part of the nerve pathway (receptor cells). Which body system supplies cells with oxygen and nutrients and carries away waste circulatory system The pericardial cavity contains the heart Which layer of tissue is composed of contractile tissue myocardium What is the purpose of the fossa ovalis in a fetus Marks the place of an opening between the atria which is present in all developing fetuses. It allows fetal blood to move directly from righ to left
True or False: Osmotic pressure is the net pressure that pushes fluid into tissues False. It is hydrostatic The average pH of blood is near
______ Is a cell fragment from a large bone marrow cell platelets Which statement is true concerning the events in the coagulation cascade Prothrombin is converted to thrombin The _____ sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated Right, pulmonary circuit The "pacemaker of the heart" is in what location Right Atrium You are reviewing your patient's results from an EKG. The findings indicate a problem with ventricular repolarization. Where should you look in the EKG to find this abnormal rhythm T-wave Your patient's EKG results indicate difficulty with left and right atrial systole. What part of the conduction system is not functioning properly? SA node (causes contraction of the left and right atria)
Which statement is true concerning the cardiac cycle A. The atrial contraction time is longer than the ventricle contraction time B. The ventricular contraction time is longer than the atrial contraction time C. Systole refers to the relaxation of the heart chambers D. Diastole refers to the contraction of the hear chambers E. C and D are true B. The ventricular contraction time is longer than the atrial contraction time A patient is suspected to have peripheral edema due to heart failure. Which side of the heart would be in failure. Explain. The right side. If the right side of the heart cannot pump blood into the the heart efficiently, blood and fluid will back up into the veins, causing swelling in body tissues A patient has a diagnosis of right sided heart failure. Which of the following signs/symptoms would they most likely present with? Swollen ankles A patient is admitted to the ER with a thromboemolism. Your patient is given t-PA. Why? To dissolve blood clots
