Download BIOD 152 FINAL EXAM 2025 VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS WITH DIAGRAMS GRADED A+. and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIOD 152 FINAL EXAM 2025
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS WITH
DIAGRAMS GRADED A+.
MODULE/LAB 1
- This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain. Pia mater (menix) 1)) This is the most superficial layer of the brain meninges Dura mater Lab 1)
Logitudinal Fissure
- The fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Median longitudinal
- The _ transverse fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Lab 2 Caudal, cerebellum
- Describethefunctionofthebrainventricles. Your Answer: The brain ventricles are important because they help circulate and produce cerebrospinal fluid which is essential to keeping the brain afloat and protecting it.
- What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? Describe its maintenance from a cellular level. The blood-brain barrier is a diffusion barrier which prevents most particles from entering the central nervous system tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation.. 3) The folds in the region above (indicated by the blue pin) are called: Folia
- All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: Filters out unimportant sensory information
- All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except : D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum LAB 4 Injury to the area of the brain (indicated by the pin) above would most likely cause impaired : Vison
B. Frontal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Hippocampus E. Correct! All the above
11) Which of the following is most likely a symptom of ALS? Impaired ability to
swallow
- Which of the following is false concerning a CVA? A. Correct! An ischemic stroke is also known as a “brain bleed”.
12 Which of the following is true concerning a CVA? A
hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel.
- A patient is unable to extend his fourth and fifth digits when asked to open his hand. What is most likely the cause? C. Correct! Ulnar nerve damage
13) A patient has decreased hand strength in her right hand. She also has
numbness in her first three digits. What is most likely the cause? Carpal tunnel
syndrome
- Label the following spinal cord regions in the diagram below: 1: Posterior (Dorsal) column 5: Anterior median fissure 6: Posterior (Dorsal) horn 9: Dorsal root 11: DRG (Dorsal Root ganglion)
1: Lateral Column 3: Gray Commissure 4: Anterior Column 6: Anterior/Ventral Horn 11: Ventral Root
- What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by the arrow) in the figure below? D. Correct! Abducens
- Oculomotor
- Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Answer by writing the letter (A-J) from the figure that corresponds with the correct cranial nerve. This cranial nerve receives information from the retina. This cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of the digestive tract. This cranial nerve controls movement of the eye laterally. This cranial nerve receives sensory information for hearing. This cranial nerve is responsible for voluntarily moving the tongue.
**1. B. (Optic)
- I. (Vagus)
- E. (Abducens)
- G. (Vestibulocochlear)
- J. (Hypoglossal**
19) Label the nerves (A-C) in the figure below: A: B: C: A-Radial B- Ulnar C- Median
A- Lateral femoral cutaneous B- Femoral nerve
- A patient comes into the ER following an accident. She is scared and starting to hyperventilate. You talk with her in a calm, reassuring manner as she receives medical care. You are trying to increase the activity in which division of her nervous system? Explain your answer. You are trying to increase the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system as it is also sometimes called the “housekeeper system” because it promotes all the internal responses we associate with a relaxed state. The parasympathetic system also acts to slow the heart rate. 27) If you were hiking in the woods and came across a mountain lion, which division of your nervous system would have increased activity? Explain your answer. The sympathetic nervous system would prepare the body for flight-or- fight. It would increase the activity and prepare the body to release energy to response to stressful situations. 28) If someone sustains an injury to the area of the spinal cord, as shown below by the blue oval, would you be more likely to see paralysis or decreased sensation? Explain your answer. You would be more likely to see decreased sensation because sensory neurons enter the spinal cord posteriorly.
- If someone sustains an injury to the area of the spinal cord, as shown below by the blue oval, would you be more likely to see paralysis or decreased sensation? Explain your answer. Paralysis, muscle weakness, is more likely to happen because the motor neurons exit the spinal cord anteriorly.
- One of your patients sustained a hemorrhagic CVA. You notice they have rigid movements when moving their arms. They also have difficulty forming a plan to move their body. What area of the brain is most likely impacted? Explain your reasoning.
The basal ganglia is responsible for executing a motor plan and to slow and control fine movements (creating the rigid movements). Apraxia, or impaired motor planning. Apraxia results in rigid movements and difficulty executing a motor plan.
- One of your patients sustained an ischemic CVA. You notice that their gait is very unsteady. It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke? Explain your answer. I would say the cerebellum is most likely affected because it controls balance and fine movements. MODULE 2 NERVE AXONS
1) This is a collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system. :
Ganglia
- This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. Nerve
LAB: 1) Describe how sensory information helps to sustain life.
Your answer: There are two types of
sense :General and special senses. - These are the essential for
personality development, intellectual function and sustaining life i.e
LAB: 3) Name the structure above and state its division in the ear. Auricle/Pinna; external
4) This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body.
dendrites
LAB 4: 4)
Whatisfalseconcerningthestructures(highlightedinblue)above? Itcontainsthesaculeandutricle What is true concerning the structures (highlighted in blue) above?
- contains the scala tympani
5) An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the Central nervous system
6) True or false: Neurons come into direct physical contact with one another. False
- A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the: Peripheral nervous system and Somatic system
- The neuron pictured, below, is best described as:
8) Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals stored in the axon terminal vesicles
at the end of of the axon terminal. When they are released by the axon
terminal vericles they carry the nerve impuse from one neuron to another. It
allows signal to jump the synapthic gap, electrochemical.
LAB 8) Nameanddiscussthepurposeofthestructurebelow(indicatedbythearrow). YourAnswer:Nasolacrimal duct; drains tears into nasal passages
9) An afferent neuron carries information:
From the peripheral to the central nervous system LAB 9: Match terms
- Hyperopia- eyeball is too short Presbyopia- lens hardens Astigmatism- Deviated Cornea Glaucoma- blockage in canal of Schlemm Cataract- lens hardens Emmetropia- eyes at resting
state Blind Spot- exit of Coptic nerve Myopia- eyeball is too long
10) A postsynaptic neuron would be found: after
- A presynaptic neuron would be found: Before the synapse
11) What is the location and function of Astrocytes?
Astrocytes control the chemical environment of the neurons by
wrapping around blood capillaries. (The blood brain barrier)
- What is the location and function of Satellite cells? Location: Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies
- A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not? No; Only peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is in the central nervous system.
12) A patient’s left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached
during surgery. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their
thumb? Why or why not?
Yes, because the thumb axons would be considered part of the PNS
and the PNS axons are capable of regneration.
13) Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 4 of the diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase. Afterpolarization (Hyperpolarization) Potassium gates are slow to close and there is an undershoot of the potential. The charge drops below - 70mV and then returns to - 70mV once at resting state again.
13) Phase 2 is depolarization. Depolarization is
when the membrane potential becomes more positive.
The volatage reaches zero and up to positive 40 mV.
This also when the sodium rushes into the axon.
The short existence of neurotransmitters in the synapse prevents
continuous stimulation. Some synapses contain enzymes that
rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synapses rapidly
absorb the neurotransmitter.
19) What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle
tone? Dopamine
- What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions? Acetylcholine
20) TrueorFalse:Actionpotentialstravelinonedirectionwithinthesameneur
on. True
- True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron. False (only one direction in the same neuron)
- True or False: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain. False
- Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central nervous system. Sensory/afferent
22) Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the neuron conducts nerve
impulses along a pathway to create a response. Motor/efferent
23) Where is the integration center of a reflex located? CNS (central nervous
system)
24) Which of the following statements is false about reflexes?
Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary. 24) Which of the following statements is true about reflexes? Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex. 25) What is true about the stretch reflex? C) Correct! The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.
25) What is false about the stretch reflex?
The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle
- What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex? B. It involves excitatory interneurons. C. It involves inhibitory interneurons.
- Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. Stretch reflex : Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon) Muscle spindle detects stretch Afferent (sensory) neuron through DRG Spinal cord : Synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent) No interneuron Action: To muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)The stimulus results in a signal being sent via a sensory nerve to the spinal cord
- Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve axon. Myelin increases nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present for protection.
- Answer the following essay questions: You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex that occurs. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex.
- pain receptor in the skin sends nerve impulse that moves along dendrite toward the cell body and CNS
- the impulse moves along the axon of the sensory nerve and synapse on the interneurons
- Excitatory interneurons send singles to motor neurons to the biceps which leads to a muscle contraction and elbow flexion.
- inhibitory interneurons send signals that simultaneously prevent muscle contractions of the triceps. If both the triceps and bicep are contracting at the same time the hand will not move from the hot object.
27) Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the
nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved
and the action of the reflex.
The sensory/ afferent neuron senses the taps on the patellar tendon,
the muscle spindle detects the stretch and the signal is sent through the DRG
