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D. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151

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DI. PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 151

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Exams

1. True or False: A virus is considered a microorganism. False. Viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms. Viruses can, however, be classified as microbes, a more general term that includes microorganisms and viruses.
2. What is the smallest biological unit of life? A cell.
3. At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what? Macromolecules A student may also answer: Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Polysaccharides but they must answer with all four to be fully correct.
4. How many different types of amino acids are available from which to make proteins? 20
5. Define an essential amino acid. An essential amino acid cannot be produced by the human body and as such must be take in from the environment through alternative sources (i.e) food.
6. What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid RNA- Ribonucleic acid DNA- Cellular life has DNA and a role that DNA has is long-term storage of information, it holds the characteristics of living

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A ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

B ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 42

C ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 46

D ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 60

C. The molecular formula of Glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6 True of False: The genetic material within a prokaryotic cell is contained within a membrane-enclosed region. False. Only eukaryotic cells contain its genetic material within a nucleus True or False: Prokaryotic cells can be subdivided into Bacteria and Archaea. True Describe the 4 basic bacterial morphologies. Coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew).

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1 F

2 B

3 E

4 G

5 D

1. True or False: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. True.
2. True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions. False. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
3. What are usually metal ions known to assists enzyme during the catalysis reaction? Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzyme during the catalysis reaction.
4. Define catabolism. Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources.
5. Upon cellular injury, which metabolic process is involved during the growth and repair phases of the cell? The anabolic process would be active as it (by definition) is involved in the building up of small complexes into larger complexes.
6. Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. ATP has the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be reduced (ATP →ADP + Pi) while ADP can be built into ATP (ADP + Pi →ATP).

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Lithotroph

4. A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process? A. Photophosphorylation B. Substrate-level phosphorylation C. Oxidative phosphorylation B. The chemical compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive intermediate.
5. The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct transitions? The breakdown of glucose goes through (1) Glycolysis then (2) Fermentation or Respiration and finally through (3) the electron transport chain (ETC).
6. What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose? The electron transport chain yields 34 ATP while both glycolysis and fermentation (or respiration) each yield only 2 ATP.
7. Identify the reactants of the following chemical equation: Glucose + 2NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP The reactants are to the left of the arrow: Glucose and 2NAD+
8. The presence of what molecule ‘signals’ to the cell that glycolysis is about to start? Glucose- 6 - phosphate (G6P)
9. True or False: In the absence of oxygen fermentation produces 2 ATP. False. Fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+
10. What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply.

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C. NADH

D. FADH 2

C and D. The TCA cycle produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH 2 ).

2. True or False. The reactants of the TCA cycle directly enter and fuel the electron transport system. False. The products of the TCA cycle (reduced electron carriers) enter and drive the production of ATP via the electron transport system.
3. In the absence of glucose, which of the following can be used as alternative energy sources? Select all that apply. A. Lactose B. Nucleic acids C. Carbohydrates D. Lipids A, C, D can all be used as alternative energy sources.
4. For the catabolism of proteins and lipids, which of the following enzymes are used? Select all that apply. A. Ligases B. Proteases C. Transferases D. Lipases B and D. Proteases breakdown proteins while lipases breakdown lipids.
5. True or False. The β-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chains of lipids. True
6. Describe the relationship between chloroplasts and chlorophyll. Both chloroplasts and chlorophyll are associated with photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are the double membrane-

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3. The process of photophosphorylation produces which of the following: select all that apply. A. ATP B. Glyceraldehyde- 3 - phosphate C. CO 2 D. NADPH E. H 2 O A and D.
4. In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where? The process of converting light energy into chemical energy (photophosphorylation) always occurs in the membrane.
5. True or False: The Calvin cycle must occur in the absence of light. False. The term ‘dark reactions’ (also known as the Calvin Cycle) simply denotes the second stage in photosynthesis—dark reactions do not actually require darkness in order to occur.
6. How many turns (or repititions) of the Calvin Cycle are required to generate one molecule of glucose? Six.
7. Complete the following equation by placing the appropriate numbers where indicated. CO 2 + ATP + NADPH + H 2 0 → C 6 H 12 O 6 + ADP + NADP+ 6 CO 2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H 2 0 → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 18 ADP + 12 NADP+
8. Match the following reactions to its corresponding enzyme:
9. A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H
10. A-B→ B-A

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C- Oxioreductaces D- Hydrolases E- Ligases F- Isomerases 1D 1. A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H Hydrolases 2F 2. A-B→ B-A Isomerases 3E 3. A + B → A-B Ligases 4A 4. A-B → A + B Lyases

1. A micrometer is defined as A. 10 -^3 B. 10 -^6 C.10-^9 D. 10-^12 B. A micrometer is one-millionth of a meter.
2. True or False: A nanometer is longer than a micrometer. False. A nanometer is 1,000 times smaller than a micrometer.
3. Resolution and contrast are two critical factors that influence your ability to see an object. Explain each. Resolution refers to the distance between two objects at which the objects still can be seen as separate. Poor or low resolution means two (or more) objects may appear as one. Contrast is the difference in light absorbance between two objects. Poor contrast gives a high background and makes the visualization of multiple objects difficult. For instance, trying to identify 2 dark colored objects at night (low light = low contrast) versus the same 2 objects in the middle of a sunny afternoon (bright light against 2 dark objects = high contrast).
4. Assuming a fixed ocular, identify the part of the microscope you would adjust to enhance the magnification of a sample.