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BIOD 101 NEWEST EXAM WITH
WELL DETAILED QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
Question-what are the four major differences btw dna and rna? - answer-1. Dna contains deoxyribose - rna is ribose
- Dna: thymine rna: uracil
- Dna: double stranded helix Rna: single strand Question-dna is often described as a coiled ladder. In this description, what two parts of a dna nucleotide form the uprights? What part forms the rungs? - answer-the uprights are the sugar phosphate backbone, and the rungs are the bases. A. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide. B. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in dna and what are the corresponding types that are found in rna? - answer-a. Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base B. Dna- deoxyribose- phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine Rna- ribose - phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil Question-explain the 2 differences btw hydrolysis and dehydration condensation. - answer- during dehydration condensation biomacromolecules are synthesized by joining building block monomers. A water molecule is lost and energy is used. Biomacromolecules are broken down into monomers during hydrolysis when a water molecule is added and energy is released. Question-tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each.
Glucose - answer-carbohydrate; used as fuel, is referred to as blood sugar in humans and animals Question-tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Starch - answer-carbohydrate; the form in which plants store glucose Question-tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Cellulose - answer-carbohydrate; woody tissue in plants and trees, indigestible fiber Question-tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Triglyceride - answer-lipid; the major form of fuel storage that when broken down produces twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates Question-tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Phopholipid - answer-lipid; the major constituent of cell membranes Question-tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Hemoglobin - answer-protein; carries oxygen in the blood Question-tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each.
Question-explain the following terms in regard to proteins: A. Primary structure: B. Secondary structure: C. Tertiary structure: D. Quaternary structure: - answer-a. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain B. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear chain forms (alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth; strong and flexible but not elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen bonds. It's possible that one chain can have both patterns C. Folding of the secondary structure; 3d shape determined by r-group interactions and hydrogen bonds D. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this structure Question-the bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides c and h and o? - answer-nitrogen Question-what is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - answer-being insoluble in water due to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons Question-what is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - answer-most biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in the functional group Question-name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: Proteins - answer-amino acids Question-name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: Lipids - answer-fatty acids and glycerol
Question-name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: Nucleic acid - answer-nucleotides Question-name the building-block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: Polysaccharides - answer-monosaccharides Question-a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements? B. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? C. What is the difference between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - answer-a. Cho B. 2: C. A hydrocarbon has only h and c and carbs have hco. Hydrocarbons are not functional groups. Question-what are the 3 types of cholesterol? - answer-hdl (good; takes potentially dangerous build up to liver), ldl ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), vldl (also "bad"; clogs and carries triglycerides) Question-explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - answer-1. Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 micrometers in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch)
- The dna of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means "before the nucleus"), whereas eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3. Prokarytic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells Question-what are the components of the cell membrane? - answer-phospholipid bi-layer with proteins and phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as well.
Lipid insoluble/polar substances - answer-facilitated diffusion Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Nucleus - answer-contains dna and serves as the control center of the cell Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Ribosomes - answer-tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Smooth er - answer-synthesizes lipids Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Rough er - answer-modifies and transports proteins derived from the rbosomes that are found along its surface Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Rna - answer-takes the coded amino acid sequences from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Endospore - answer-dormant, extremely durable bacterial cells Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell:
Golgi apparatus - answer-responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Lysosome - answer-possess digestive enzymes which breakdown unwanted biomacromolecules Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Mitochondria - answer-convert the chemical energy found in food into atp Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Chloroplast - answer-traps light energy from the sun and uses it to convert co2 and h2o into glucose Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Plasma membrane - answer-conatains specialized "pumps" and "gates" that regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell. In prokaryotic cells the membrane folds inward to provide a place for reactions to take place Question-explain the function of each of the following in the cell: Microtubules and microfilaments - answer-microtubules- serve as "roads" for organelles to travel. After proteins/lipids are synthesized in the er they take microtubules to the golgi apparatus Microfilaments- made of protein polymers of actin that provide structural support to cell shape and cell motility
Question-define isotonic solution - answer-a solution with the same concentration as that on the other side of the membrane "equl" Question-define hypertonic solution - answer-the solution contains more solute than solution. Water flows out of the cell to dilute high concentrations of solutes causing the cell to shrink Question-define hypotonic solution - answer-the solution contains less solute than solution. Water will flow into the cell to dilute it, causing the cell to "explode" Question-a. Explain how facilitated diffusion is the same as active transport and B. How it is different in regard to the concentration gradient, cell membrane proteins and energy.
- answer-a. Facilitated diffusion and active transport both utilize carrier and channel proteins to move molecules across the gradient B. The key difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion is that the active transport occurs against the concentration gradient hence, utilizes energy to transport molecules across the membrane while the facilitated diffusion occurs along the concentration gradient hence, does not utilize energy to transport molecules across the membrane. Question-explain and then name the 3 types of endocytosis - answer-a process performed by cells in order to bring substances from outside the cell into the cell. In this process, the cell membrane surrounds the item to be internalized and buds off inside the cell. This formed vesicle will then transport the material to the relevant location inside the cell.
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis (rme) Question-explain phagocytosis - answer-"eating" large macromolecules:
- Phagocytes use pattern recognition receptors (prr) called toll like receptors (tlr), which are membrane-bound phagocytic proteins that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps)
- The interaction of tlr/prr and pamps activates certain genes in phagocytes and enhances their phagocytic/pathogen-killing abilities
- Phagocytic cells engulf the pathogen and forms a phagolysosome vesicle, which releases toxic chemicals to destroy the pathogen (phagocytes use toxic oxygen to oxidize key cellular constituents of a pathogen) Question-explain pinocytosis - answer-cells "drink" liquid droplets through adsorption by the cell membrane Question-explain receptor-mediated endocytosis - answer-a selective source of endocytosis, where receptors on a cell's surface bind to the specific molecule they are intended for. Once bound, endocytosis will occur. Question-what are the 7 characteristics of life? - answer-1. Order
- Regulation
- Energy processing
- Evolutionary adaptation
- Response to the environment
- Reproduction
- Growth and development Question-identify each example as one of the seven characteristics of life:
- Increase in urine output to lower blood volume and in turn lower blood pressure
- A caterpillar changing into an adult butterfly
- Reflexive action of pulling hand back from hot stove
- Bacterial cells organized into chains
- Yeast using anaerobic means to generate atp - answer-1. Regulation/homeostasis
- Growth and development
- Response to stimuli
- Order
- Energy processing
Question-define organ system - answer-a group of organs classified as a unit b/c of shared functions Question-define organs - answer-structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform a common function Question-define tissues - answer-a group of similar cells and the immediate environment surrounding Question-define cells - answer-living structures within organelles that function on a microscopic level to keep an organism alive Question-define atoms and molecules - answer-smallest level that function on a chemical level Question-what are the three domains? - answer-eukarya, eubacteria, archaea Question-what cell type defines each domain? - answer-1. Eubacteria and archaea - prokaryotic cells
- Eukarya- eukaryotic cells Question-which domain includes bacteria such as pyogenes? - answer-eubacteria Question-which domain is classically considered to be "extremophiles"? - answer-archaea Question-what are the 4 major kingdoms of eukarya? - answer-fungi, protista, plantae, animalia Question-complete the following: Fungi
Environmental adaption:
Growth over a lifecycle:
Produce new offspring:
Biochemical process of obtaining energy:
Organism level homeostasis:
Major cell type (organization): - answer-1. Exoenzymes or antibiotic production/secretion
Spore --> adult
Asexual (budding, fragmentation, spore formation)
Heterotrophic
Metabolic processes to maintain internal humidity and metal ion balance
Eukaryotic or could discuss hyphae organization or multicellular Question-complete the following: Protista
Environmental adaption:
Growth over a lifecycle:
Produce new offspring:
Biochemical process of obtaining energy:
Organism level homeostasis:
Major cell type: - answer-1. Attracted to light (positive phototropism), ability to move locations
May be complex (plasmodium)
Asexual and sexual
Heterotrophic
Maintaining osmolarity via osmosis, diffusion, and contractile vacuoles
Eukaryotic; may be unicellular or multicellular; may for aggregate masses Question-complete the following: Plants
- Ease of maintenance
- Physical size is convenient
- Short life cycles
- Can be genetically manipulated
- Economically feasible Question-what is the law of conservation of mass? - answer-energy is conserved, or recycled within an ecosystem (and the biosphere general). Examples of this principle are evident with the water, carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycles. Question-why are humans not considered the perfect model, even though the research gleaned is intended to benefit humans? - answer-#1 is ethical considerations, but also b/c of our complex interactions and life cycles it's difficult to isolate one system Question-what is phylogeny? - answer-the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species Question-who was the first to use organismal dna sequences to construct phylogenetic trees? - answer-carl woese Question-in archaea, what is the cell wall composed of? - answer-pseudopeptidoglycan - composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to a glycerol via ether linkage Question-define gram positive bacteria - answer-have a thick layer of peptidoglycan causing crystal violet to mask the red safranin dye; making it appear purple Question-define gram negative bacteria - answer-have a very thin layer of peptidoglycan wall that is underneath a specialized, out membrane composed of a lipopolysaccharide. This causes the red safranin dye to dye the membrane red/pink Question-describe a commensal host relationship - answer-interactive but bacteria benefit and other is unaffected
Question-describe a mutualistic host relationship - answer-interactions benefit host and bacteria Question-describe a pathogenic host relationship - answer-(parasitic) interactions harm the host (strep throat) Question-autotrophic prokaryotes are responsible for releasing ___ into the atmosphere and releasing (or fixing) atmospheric ___ into a useable form - answer-oxygen, nitrogen Question-what domain does antibiotics come from? - answer-eubacteria Question-what is a hyphae? A mycelium? - answer-hyphae - tubular cell walls which surround the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of individual fungal cells. They grow upward through the stem and into reproduction systems - where spores are found Mycelium- are the root system, project downward and absorb nutrients Question-what is plasmodium? And the 4 types? - answer-protozoan that causes malaria and destroys red blood cells P. Falciparum, p. Malaria, p. Ovale, p. Vivax Question-describe binary fission - answer-asexual reproduction where the parent body is pinched into 2 halves = 2 daughter organisms each with their own nuclei Question-what are vascular plants? - answer-plants that have tube like structures that move water and nutrients to the organs of the plant. Ex: flowering plants; conifers and ferns Question-what are avascular plants? - answer-lack the formation of tubes to transport water and nutrients. Ex: mosses, liverworts, and some green algae
Question-what are coelomates? - answer-fluid filled body cavity Question-define acoelomates - answer-have no true body cavity, but meet other requirements to be considered an animal ex: flat worm Question-define eucoelomate - answer-having a true coelom that surrounds a gut. Humans are broadly classified as such but are subdivided into 4 smaller cavities: dorsal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavity Question-dorsal cavity - answer-contains the brain and spinal cord Question-thoracic cavity - answer-contains heart and lungs Question-abdominal cavity - answer-contains primarily the major organs of digestion Question-pelvic cavity - answer-contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Question-define pseudocoelomate - answer-do not have a true body cavity, but appear to have a fluid-filled region, however the cells lining the space are not continuous and do not surround the space Ex: roundworm Question-define blastocyst - answer-a mass of cells After fertilization, the united gametes are called blastocyst Question-how many rounds of division occur before a cleavage forms? - answer-8 rounds Question-define protostome - answer-an organism that during development and after a spiral cleavage (candy cane) the blastopore will develop into the mouth opening first
Question-define deuterostome - answer-an organism that during development and after a radical cleavage (sunflower) the blastopore will develop into the anal opening first Ex: humans and animals with a spinal cord are classified as such Question-define blastopore - answer-an opening of a structure that will begin to differentiate into different cell types which will then become the most basic body cavities Question-what is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction? - answer-the transfer of electrons from (the reducing agent) undergoing oxidation (losing electrons) while another (the oxidizing agent) undergoes reduction (gains electrons). When a molecule loses an electron it is oxidized, when it accepts the electron it is said to be reduced Question-explain the two differences between hydrolysis and dehydration condensation - answer-1. Hydrolysis involves the addition of a water molecule when a biomacromolecule is degraded. This process releases energy.
- In a dehydration reaction, two or more biomolecules are joined together and a water molecule is lost in the process. This reaction requires an input of energy. Question-when two amino acids are joined to form a protein, does hydrolysis or dehydration occur? - answer-dehydration reaction Question-what is the difference between anabolic and catabolic biochemical reactions? - answer- anabolic reactions require energy and involve the building of molecules ex: bond forming to create proteins Catabolic reactions is the sum of all energy releasing formations. Ex: bond breaking in digestion and cellular respiration Question-define metabolism - answer-sum of all chemical reactions (synthetic and degradation) in the body
