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Proteins. • Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P. • Amino acids (20 types) o Monomers in proteins. – Joined by covalent bonds called peptide bonds.
Typology: Study notes
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o Molecules that contain carbon
o All other compounds, not containing carbon
o Change physical and chemical properties
o Dehydration synthesis
o Hydrolysis reactions
Dehydration synthesis and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation.^ Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer
Monomer 1
Hydrolysis
Monomers linked by covalent bond
Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other.
Example reactions Dehydration synthesis of sucrose and its breakdown by hydrolysis
Glucose Fructose
Water is released
Water is consumed Sucrose
Monomer 2
Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Monomers linked by covalent bond
Figure 2.14 Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Figure 2.15a Carbohydrate molecules important to the body.
Glucose Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Ribose
Disaccharides Example^ Consist of two linked^ monosaccharides Sucrose, maltose, and lactose (these disaccharides are isomers)
Glucose Fructose Glucose Glucose Galactose Glucose Sucrose Maltose Lactose Figure 2.15b Carbohydrate molecules important to the body.
Triglyceride formation Three fatty acid chains are bound to glycerol by dehydration synthesis.
Glycerol 3 fatty acid chains (^) Triglyceride, or neutral fat 3 water molecules
Figure 2.16a Lipids.
Main functions in human body:
“Typical” structure of a phospholipid molecule Two fatty acid chains and a phosphorus-containing group are attached to the glycerol backbone. Example Phosphatidylcholine
Nonpolar “tail” (schematic phospholipid)
Polar “head”
Phosphorus-containing group (polar “head”) Glycerol backbone^ 2 fatty acid chains (nonpolar “tail”) Figure 2.16b Lipids.
o Monomers in proteins
Generalized structure of all amino acids.
Glycine is the simplest amino acid. (an acidic amino^ Aspartic acid acid) has an acid group (—COOH) in the R group.
Lysine (a basic amino acid) has an amine group ( the R group.—NH 2 ) in
Cysteine (a basic amino acid) has a sulfhydryl (—SH) group in the R group, which suggests that this amino acid is likely to participate in intramolecular bonding.
Amine group group^ Acid
Figure 2.17 Amino acid structures.
Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain.
Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid
Figure 2.19a Levels of protein structure.