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Biochem |\ 212 |(Exam |#3) |\QUESTIONS |\WITH |\
ANSWERS
intermediate |\energy |\stores |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔proteins long |\term |\energy |\stores |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔fats |(TAGs) catabolism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔processes |\that |\breakdown |\food |\to |\PRODUCE |\ENERGY |(big |\to |\small |\molecules) anabolism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔processes |\that |\REQUIRE |\ENERGY |\to |\build |\large |\molecules |\from |\small |\ones exergonic |\process |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔reactions |\that |\give |\off |
energy |(delta |\G |= |\neg.) endergonic |\process |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔reaction |\requires |
energy |\to |\occur |(delta |\G |= |\pos.) what |\happens |\in |\a |\favorable |\reaction? |
in |\an |\unfavorable |\reaction? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\the |\products |
have |\less |\energy |\than |\the |\reactants
- |\the |\products |\have |\more |\energy |\than |\the |\reactants what |\are |\metabolites? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔intermediate |
pathways where |\does |\glycolysis |\occur? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\cytosol where |\does |\the |\TCA |\cycle |\occur? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔in |\the |
mitochondrial |\matrix where |\does |\ETC |\occur? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔in |\the |\inner |
mitochondrial |\membrane what |\are |\ 3 |\types |\of |\metabolic |\pathways |\and |\examples |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔1) |\linear |- |\glycolysis
- |\spiral |- |\protein |\digestion |\or |\FAs
- |\cyclical |- |\TCA |\cycle what |\are |\the |\ 4 |\stages |\of |\catabolism? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔STAGE |\1: |\digestion |\of |\macro-molecules |\into |\subunits STAGE |\2: |\breakdown |\of |\subunits |\into |\an |\oxidized |\form |(acetyl-SCoA)
FAD |\is |\the |\oxidized |\coenzyme FADH2 |\is |\the |\reduced |\coenzyme |(2 |\H's |\are |\added |\on) |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔ during |\ATP |\hydrolysis, |\how |\much |\energy |\is |\given |\off? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔-7.3 |\kcal/mol ATP |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\is |\stable |\at |\pH |\7.
- |\requires |\an |\enzyme |\for |\hydrolysis
- |\is |\an |\easy |\bond |\to |\cleave
- |\is |\a |\universal |\energy |(works |\in |\all |\cells) why |\would |\an |\endergonic |\reaction |\be |\coupled |\with |\an |\exergonic |
reaction? |& |\give |\an |\example |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔to |\achieve |\a |
total |\free |\energy |\change |\that |\is |\negative |(negative |\delta |\G) - |\you |\take |\an |\unfavorable |\reaction |\and |\use |\chemical |\energy |\to |
make |\it |"run" ex: |\phosphorylation |\of |\glucose: glucose |+ |\ATP |---> |\glucose6-P |+ |\ADP |+ |\H+ |
equals |-4.0 |\kcal
why |\use |\carbohydrates |\as |\sweeteners? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔they're |\similar |\to |\sucrose
- |\instead |\of |\OH, |\sucralose |\has |\a |\bunch |\of |\Cl's |\on |\it
- |\your |\taste |\buds |\identify |\with |\the |\Cl's |\but |\your |\body |\doesn't |
recognize |\them - |\ppl |\use |\it |\for |\WEIGHT |\LOSS what |\are |\the |\roles |\of |\carbohydrates? |(6 |\in |\your |\body, |\ 3 |\in |\the |
environment) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔IN |\YOUR |\BODY - |\are |\a |\source |\of |\energy
- |\become |\phosphorylated |\to |\make |\high |\energy |\intermediates |\in |
metabolism - |\anticoagulant
- |\are |\receptor |\sites
- |\determine |\blood |\type |\by |\attaching |\to |\proteins |\on |\the |\rbc
- |\a |\joint |\lubricant IN |\YOUR |\ENVIRONMENT
- |\become |\modified |\to |\form |\bacterial |\cell |\walls
- |\the |\exoskeleton |\of |\invertebrates
- |\provide |\structural |\stability |\in |\plants
- |\donate: |\B, |\AB AB
- |\recieve: |\O, |\A, |\B, |\AB
- |\donate: |\AB humans |\don't |\produce |\the |\enzymes |\required |\to |\do |\what? what |\type |\of |\molecule/linkage |\is |\it? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔hydrolyze |\cellulose we |\can't |\digest |\it is |\a |\beta-D-glucose |\molecule is |\a |\beta |\1,4 |\linkage - |\provides |\structure |\in |\plants |\as |\well*** what |\ 2 |\polysaccharides |\are |\present |\in |\plant |\starch? what's |\the |\difference |\between |\them? which |\is |\more |\abundant? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔amylose |(20% |\of |
plant |\starch) |\and |\amylopectin |(80% |\of |\plant |\starch)
difference: |\amylopectin |\has |\alpha |\1,6 |\branches |\coming |\off |\of |\the |
molecule amylose |\is |\a |\fully |\digestible |\polymer |\of |\glucose glycogen |\vs. |\amylopectin
- |\which |\is |\found |\in |\animals?
- |\which |\is |\found |\in |\plants?
- |\how |\are |\they |\different? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔-animals: |
glycogen |(energy |\stores |\in |\liver |\and |\muscles) - |\plants: |\amylopectin
- |\different: |\glycogen |\has |\more |\branches what |\is |\the |\purpose |\of |\glycolysis? |\is |\it |\aerobic |\or |\anaerobic? |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔breakdown |\glucose |\to |\make |\ 2 |\molecules |\of |
pyruvate - |\while |\producing |\energy |\in |\the |\form |\of |\ATP IS |\ANAEROBIC which |\steps |\in |\glycolysis |\are |\regulated |\and |\why? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\STEP |\1: |\bc |\glycose-6-phosphate |\builds |\up |\and |\stops |
the |\enzyme |\from |\functioning |(important |\bc |\turns |\on/off, |\and |\if |\we |
have |\too |\much |\in |\there |\we |\don't |\want |\to |\stock |\up |\on |\it)
which |\steps |\in |\glycolysis |\produce |\ATP? |\consume |\ATP? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔produce: |\steps |\ 7 |\and |\ 10 |(2 |\ATP |\per |\step |\because |\it |
runs |\twice) |\consume: |\steps |\ 1 |\and |\ 3 which |\step |\in |\glycolysis |\produces |\a |\reduced |\coenzyme? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔ 6 what |\is |\the |\fate |\of |\pyruvate |\during |\anaerobic |\respiration? |(if |\O |\is |
not |\present) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔CONVERTED |\TO |\LACTATE |
(lactic |\acid)
- |\bc |\there |\is |\no |\O, |\we |\can't |\go |\through |\ETC |\to |\oxidize |\the |\reduced |
coenzymes - |\produces |\NADH, |\which |\produces |\Acetyl-SCoA |\and |\then |\goes |
throught |\the |\TCA |\cycle what |\is |\the |\fate |\of |\pyruvate |\during |\aerobic |\respiration? |(if |\O |\is |
present) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔converted |\to |\Acetyl-CoA, |\ - |\which |\gives |\a |\reduced |\coenzyme
- |\then |\goes |\to |\TCA |\cycle |\where |\they |\get |\oxidized |\to |\CO2, |\and |\those |\coenzymes |\then |\go |\to |\the |\ETC |\cycle
what |\happens |\in |\gluconeogenesis? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔creates |
new |\glucose |\molecules what |\happens |\in |\glycogenesis? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔glucose |\to |
glycogen if |\you |\need |\more |\energy |\creates |\more |\glycogen |\molecules what |\happens |\in |\glycogenolysis? |& |\where |\does |\it |\occur? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔glycogen |\to |\glucose the |\breakdown |\of |\glycogen |\molecules
- |\happens |\in |\the |\liver |\when |\blood |\glucose |\levels |\are |\low what |\is |\the |\one |\thing |\that |\all |\your |\metabolic |\pathways |\have |\in |
common? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Acetyl-SCoA what |\step |\produces |\NADH |\in |\glycolysis? |(where |\is |\NAD+ |\reduced |\to |\NADH?) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ 6 which |\specific |\steps |\make |\ATP? |\consume |\ATP? |(in |\glycolysis) |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔make: |\7, |\ 10 consume: |\1, |\ 3 |(exergonic)
everytime |\you |\see |\a |\dehydrogenase, |\what |\could |\be |\being |\reduced? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔NADH |\or |\FAD what |\is |\it |\called |\when |\ATP |\is |\made? |(step |\10) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔substrate |\level |\phosphorylation where |\does |\aerobic |\respiration |\occur? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔in |
the |\mitochondria where |\does |\anaerobic |\respiration |\occur? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔in |\the |\RBC |\and |\exercising |\muslces what |\is |\fermentation? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\production |\of |
energy |\under |\anaerobic |\conditions what |\happens |\when |\you |\covalently |\bond |\a |\phosphate |\group |\to |\an |
enzyme? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔it'll |\shut |\the |\reaction |\OFF what |\is |\the |\purpose |\of |\the |\TCA |\cycle? |\is |\it |\an |\anaerobic |\or |\aerobic |
pathway? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔to |\produce |\energy is |\an |\aerobic |\pathway
what |\is |\the |\purpose |\of |\the |\Electron |\Transport |\Chain |(ETC)? |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔to |\convert |\reduced |\coenzymes |\to |\ATP
- |\to |\oxidize |\reduced |\coenzymes |\and |\that |\energy |\from |\the |\oxidation |\will |\be |\used |\to |\phosphorylate |\ADP which |\steps |\in |\TCA |\cycle |\produce |\reduced |\coenzymes |\and |\what |\are |\they? |\ATP? |\CO2? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔reduced |\coenzymes: |\3, |\4, |\6, |\ 8
- |\ 3 |\NADH |\made |\and |\ 1 |\FADH2 |\made ATP: |\ 5 |(1 |\molecule |\produced) CO2: |\steps |\ 3 |& |\ 4 |(2 |\molecules |\produced) how |\is |\pyruvate |\dehydrogenase |\inhibited |\and |\where |\does |\it |
happen? |\activated? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔INHIBITED: |\it |\converts |
pyruvate |\to |\Acetyl-CoA - |\is |\a |\transport |\mechanism |\bc |\it |\takes |\it |\from |\the |\cytocol |\to |\the |
mitochondria |\to |\make |\Acetyl-CoA - |\in |\the |\mitochondrial |\matrix -By |\high |\energy |\molecules ACTIVATED: |\by |\low |\energy |\molecules
IV:
- |\substrate: |\O
- |\product: |\H2O ATP |\synthase:
- |\substrate: |\ADP |\and |\phosphate
- |\product: |\ATP
- |\gets |\energy |\to |\spin |\from |\all |\of |\the |\protons |\coming |\from |\the |\inner |\membrane |\space |\back |\into |\the |\mitochondria What |\chemicals |\specifically |\get |\oxidized |\and |\what |\gets |
phosphorylated |\in |\ETC? How |\does |\this |\oxidation |\result |\in |\energy |\production? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\oxidized: |\NADH |& |\FADH2 |(to |\produce |\NAD+ |\and |
FAD) - |\phosphorylated: |\ADP |(to |\produce |\ATP) The |\oxidation |\results |\in |\energy |\production |\bc |\it |\ends |\up |\producing |
ATP |(energy) What |\are |\the |\links |\btw. |\TCA |\cycle |\and |\ETC? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔during |\step |\ 6 |\of |\the |\TCA |\cycle, |\FADH2 |\enters |\the |\ETC |\cycle, |
which |\produces |\H2O
- |\the |\enzyme |\of |\step |\ 6 |\is |\complex |\ 2 |\in |\ETC
- |\NADH |\and |\FADH2 |(are |\substrates |\for |\ETC) Why |\are |\NADH |\and |\FADH2 |\considered |\high |\energy |\molecules? |(TCA |\cycle) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔because |\ATP |\is |\produced |\from |\their |\oxidated |\molecules What |\is |\the |\Net |\energy |\generated |\from |\the |\oxidation |\of |\glucose |
through |\ETC? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ 38 |\ATP What |\are |\the |\reduced |\coenzymes |\of |\the |\TCA |\cycle |\and |\where |\are |
they |\made? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\NADH: |\steps |\3, |\4, |\and |\ 8 - |\FADH2: |\step |\ 6 what |\step |\is |\ATP |\made |\in |\in |\the |\TCA |\cycle? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔step |\ 5 what |\steps |\in |\the |\TCA |\cycle |\are |\NOT |\reversible? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔steps |\ 3 |& |\ 4 what |\is |\the |#1 |\enzyme |\in |\the |\TCA |\cycle? |\in |\glycolysis? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔TCA |\cycle: |\oxioreductase
- |\breakdown |\of |\lipids |\and |\proteins |\for |\glucose |\syn. |\by |
glucogeogenesis |\inc. - |\gluconeogenesis |\accelerates what |\enzymes |\are |\regulated |\in |\glycogen |\synthesis |(glycogenesis)? |
how |\is |\it |\regulated? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\GLYCOGEN |
SYNTHASE: |\insulin |\turns |\it |\on, |\gylcogen |\turns |\it |\off - |\GLYCOGEN |\PHOSPHORYLASE: |\insulin |\turns |\it |\off, |\glycogen |\turns |\it |
on where |\does |\gluconeogenesis |\occur? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔in |\the |
liver Although |\gluconeogenesis |\is |\the |\reverse |\pathway |\for |\glycolysis, |
they |\use |\the |\same |\enzymes |\for |\all |\steps |\but |\1, |\3, |\and |\10. Why |\do |\these |\ 3 |\steps |\require |\different |\enzymes? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔ 1 |- |\bc |\it |\happens |\in |\the |\liver |(the |\liver |\is |\the |\only |
enzyme |\that |\can |\take |\off |\the |\phosphate) 3 |- |\committed |\step |\and |\it |\uses |\energy 10 |- |\bc |\it |\is |\producing |\enough |\energy |\to |\produce |\ 1 |\ATP, |\the |\rest |\of |\the |\energy |\goes |\to |\produce |\heat |\in |\your |\body
what |\roles |\do |\the |\liver |\and |\the |\pancreas |\play |\in |\metabolism? |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔liver: |\where |\glycogen |\production |\inc. |
(gluconeogenesis) pancreas: |\
- |\pancreatic |\beta |\cells |\release |\INSULIN
- |\pancreatic |\alpha |\cells |\release |\GLUCAGON what |\are |\the |\ 2 |\major |\storage |\areas |\for |\glycogen? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔muscle |\and |\liver |\cells |(mostly |\liver |\cells |\tho) what |\ 2 |\hormones |\regulate |\carbohydrate |\metabolism? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔insulin |\and |\glucagon what |\is |\the |\main |\purpose |\of |\insulin? |\of |\glucagon? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\insulin: |\to |\replenish |\energy |\stores |(cells |\take |\in |
glucose |\from |\the |\blood) - |\glucagon: |\to |\replace |\glucose |(glucose |\is |\gone |\from |\the |\blood) What |\are |\the |\actions |\of |\insulin? |(4) is |\it |\anabolic |\or |\catabolic? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔- |\breakdown |\of |
glucose |\by |\GLYCOLYSIS |\SPEEDS |\UP |(restores |\ATP) - |\so |\glucose |\enters |\the |\cell |\faster
- |\glycogen |\production |\inc. |\in |\liver |\and |\muscles |(glycogenesis)
