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The atmosphere currently contains about 20% oxygen (O2). Where did this oxygen come from? - ANSWER It was released into the atmosphere by photosynthetic organisms
The screenshot below is from your on-line lecture. The blue and orange balls represent molecules diffusing through a solution. In the next instant in time, which direction is the molecule indicated by the arrow most likely to move? (If you cannot see the image, look at the image labelled 'molecules' in the pdf of test images.) - ANSWER all directions are equally likely
Which of the following statements concerning larval dragonflies is CORRECT? - ANSWER Dragonfly larvae generally take several years in the water before turning into terrestrial (=landbased) adults.
Which of the following is a valid conclusion based on the video you watched called 'If time were the distance from LA to NY? - ANSWER The first three-quarters of the history of life contains relatively few evolutionary transitions. Most of the important events in the history of life have occurred relatively recently.
By using the evidence available, it's true to say that life on Earth took 4.6 billion years to evolve to the level it is today, while this period of the Carboniferous started 360 million years ago. - ANSWER 3.5 billion 360 million
Consider the formula below that you learned in the context of diffusion. Which of the following is a valid conclusion from the formula? If you cannot see the image look at the image called 'formula' in the pdf of test images. - ANSWER Small increases in the distance result in large increases in the time for diffusion to take place.
Suppose you have earned an 80% average for lab this semester. You have unexcused absences for many Discussions, though, giving you a Discussion average of 50%. What
is your combined 'Lab and Discussion' score for the course? - ANSWER 40%
Suppose you add a drop of lime flavoring to a glass of water. After some time passes, you drink the water and find that the taste has spread throughout your glass, rather than remaining in the location where you placed it. Why? - ANSWER because the flavor molecules are in constant random motion and some of them will happen to migrate into every part of the glass
Employers rate teamwork skills as the most important quality in a new employee, and discipline knowledge as the least important of these qualities. - ANSWER teamwork skills, knowledge of the discipline
The dragonflies that existed during the Carboniferous were unusual because of: - ANSWER they were much larger than the modern dragonfly
How do gasses such as O2 and CO2 move between the the insect trachea and the body cells of the insect? - ANSWER by simple diffusion
You are a hog farmer and you want to know which of four commercially available hog diets maximizes the growth rate of hogs. You obtain 200 hogs and raise 50 on each diet. When the hogs are six months old, you weigh them and calculate the average weight of the hogs in each group. Which of the following types of graph would you use to display data? - ANSWER Bar Graph
Why do cells carry out photosynthesis? - ANSWER to manufacture carbohydrates
Which of the following is a postulate of natural selection? - ANSWER Some individuals have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing than others does.
What is meant by the statement 'ADP cycles to ATP and back again'? - ANSWER A phosphate is added to an ADP molecule and then it is removed.
The Channel Islands, off the southern California coastline, are home to one of the
Look at the assessment questions below about the virus that causes COVID-19. Question [ Select ] [D", "E", "B", "A", "C"] would be at Bloom's level of evaluate and question [ Select ] [C", "E", "B", "A", "D"] would be at Bloom's level of apply. - ANSWER Do you think that the government should require all health care workers to receive the vaccine?
Given what we know about the biology of this virus, how likely is it for other viruses to be able to jump from bats to humans?
Where do new alleles come from in a population of frogs? - ANSWER from random mutations to genes
At the end of photosynthesis light independent reactions, most of the energy that was absorbed by the chlorophyll is founded - ANSWER in chemical bonds of sugars
Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Oxygen Revolution? - ANSWER development of photosynthesis
An allele is made up of what? - ANSWER DNA
Based upon the absorption spectrum for the pigment zeaxanthin, which of the following is most likely to be true? If you cannot see the figure, go to the pdf and see the image entitled 'spectrum.' ANSWER A plant that employed this pigment would appear orange or red to most people.
Consider the following schematic diagram of ATP synthase. As the lower (light blue) part spins, what does the upper (dark blue) part do? [If image doesn't appear check image entitled 'ATP synthase' in pdf.] - ANSWER Make ATP Suppose a researcher wants to know if rats placed on a diet high in calcium have a selective pressure for rat bones with a higher density. The scientist raises rats in two groups, one on a normal diet and the other on a diet containing 25% more calcium than the normal. They raise the rats with the respective diets for 10 generations, then test them for the bone density of the rats. They determine that the rats in Group 2 have more dense bones compared to those in Group 1. Then, they re-raise all the rats of the 11th generation on the Group 1 (standard) diet. With this diet, the Group 2 rats grow to have the same bone density as
Group 1 (i.e. that is lower than those in the previous generation of Group 2). Which of the following is the best conclusion that can be drawn from this experiment?
[If image does not appear, see image 'bone density data' in pdf.] - ANSWER The high bone density of the 10th generation Group 2 rats was the result of additional calcium absorption, and not the result of an evolutionary change in the population.
For each of the cell components below indicate whether it is generally found in all types of cells, all eukaryotes (but not prokaryotes), only plant cells or only animal cells. ANSWER Nucleus: all eukaryotes but not prokaryotes
Chlorplast: only plant cells
Plasma membrane: only animal cells
Mitochondria:All cells
What is the purpose of cellular respiration? ANSWER to make ATP
Suppose there is a 'leak' in the inner mitochondrial membrane and that the protons that have been pumped across the membrane leak back through to the other side. Which of the following would be most likely to occur? - ANSWER a reduction in ATP production
You have learned that relatively little cellular respiration occurs in low-oxygen environments such as bogs. Lack of O2 halts cellular respiration because: - ANSWER the electron transport chain stops
At the completion of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, where is most of the energy that was absorbed by the chlorophyll? - ANSWER in chemical bonds of sugars
Match the type of organic molecule with the correct building block. -ANSWER proteins: Amino Acids
Nucleic acids: nucleotides
Lipids: fatty acids
experiments with fruit flies, as they pertain to the evolution of dragonfly size? - ANSWER The magnitude of the increase in body size in hyperoxic conditions suggests that dragonflies could have evolved their large size over a small portion of the Carboniferous.
Some tissues have energy needs much greater than others. Brain cells and liver cells, for example, require considerable amounts of energy to perform their functions compared with skin cells. Based on these observations, what cellular organelle is most likely to be much more abundant in brain and liver cells than in skin cells? - ANSWER mirochondria
You learned that in an intact plant, chlorophyll fluorescence typically re-emits some red light. Based on your understanding of chlorophyll fluorescence which of the following logically follows as a conclusion from this observation? ANSWER Not all of the excited electrons actually enter the electron transport chain
In the mammalian respiratory system, by what process does oxygen move out of the lungs into the bloodstream? - ANSWER simple diffusion
Peptide bonds are located: - ANSWER Between the backbones of adjacent amino acids
At what stage of the respiratory cycle is PCO2 (not PO2) of the lungs the highest? - ANSWER Just before breathing in
What did the lignin-decomposers do to change the atmosphere after the Carboniferous?
- ANSWER They allowed more carbon to be buried which resulted in higher O2 levels in the atmosphere.
Keratin is a protein produced in skin cells. Insulin is a protein produced in the pancreas. These two proteins have different shapes. The different shapes are most strongly influenced by: - ANSWER the amino acid sequence of the protein
The present composition of the atmosphere would remain unchanged over time if there is a balance between what two processes? - ANSWER Photosynthesis and cellular
respiration
Consider the Hb-O2 dissociation curves below. If curve C represents Hb in the lungs, which curve represents Hb in active muscles? [If you cannot see the figure, refer to the image called 'curves' in the pdf.] - ANSWER Curve D
Which of the following does NOT describe a characteristic of science? - ANSWER Science is primarily a collection of facts about the world.
What would you consider strange and perhaps even remarkable about the life cycle of the Bar Headed Geese? - ANSWER They migrate at altitudes where few animals can survive.
Why is the PO2 lower at high altitudes compared with at sea level? - ANSWER There are fewer air molecules overall at high altitudes, so the partial pressure of each component of air is lower there
In the lung disease emphysema, the surface area of the lungs is decreased, which reduces the efficiency of gas exchange. Based on this, which structure of the respiratory system is damaged in order to cause the health effects of emphysema? - ANSWER Alveoli Blood alkalosis is a condition wherein the pH of the blood rises (ie becomes more basic) outside of the normal range, and throughout the body.
This would be the effects of this condition on hemoglobin: Select all that apply - ANSWER decreased ability to release O2 to the body tissues, left-shift in the Hb-O dissociation curve in the active tissues of body, compared with normal left-shift in the Hb-O2 dissociation curve in the lungs, compared with normal
Why does it become necessary for Hb to change its affinity once it moves into the active tissues of the body? - ANSWER so that it can let go of the O
Which of the following statements best describes the structural change in a hemoglobin molecule when its Hb-O2 dissociation curve shifts to the left? - ANSWER The alpha and beta subunits of the molecule move farther apart from each other.
What is the alteration in the DNA of the template strand that gave rise to the complementary mutant mRNA codon above? ANSWER G to C
One of Brittany's skin cells has developed a mutation. What is the most likely consequence of this mutation? ANSWER altering the shape of a protein
Based on the article you read, how might the 'weathering hypothesis' explain higher rates of infant mortality in babies born to black mothers vs white mothers? On average,. -ANSWER Black women are "physiologically older" than white women of the same age, due to societal stresses
Based on what you learned in class why do so many humans die when they climb Mt. Everest? - ANSWER Hemoglobin can't pick up enough O2 in the lungs.
The parabronchi function of birds serves what structure of the mammalian respiratory system? - ANSWER Alveoli
Using the following nucleotide sequences (= the strand that the RNApolymerase works on, = 'template' strand) determine the sequence of amino acids (AAs) coded for by this part of a gene. [Note: if image of table of codons is not visible use pdf of test images.]
DNA 3'->5': T A C C C A G A G C A C - ANSWER MET, GLY, LEU, VAL
Mutations in genes occur: - ANSWER at any time
A mutation occurs in the gene for a particular protein such that one amino acid (AA) is replaced by another. Of the following, which substitution would most likely change the function of the protein? - ANSWER. a negatively charged AA with a positively charged AA Consider a population of Geese living at medium altitude they are NOT migrating. Two forms of Hb occur in this population the lowaltitude Hb common in most lowland geese and a form of high altitude Hb. This population is forced, by several years of very cold weather, to move to a somewhat lower altitude. How would you expect the frequency of the high altitude Hb allele to change in this population during these cold years and why?
- ANSWER It will decrease, because individuals with high altitude Hb will have lower fitness, as this Hb does not effectively release O2 in the body.
What is the function of the air sacs in the avian respiratory system? - ANS They temporarily store air and permit the movement of fresh air through the lungs when the air sacs deflate
What is the role of transcription in the synthesis of proteins? - ANS to transcribe the information gene
If an anti-codon is complementary to a codon, what happens? -ANSWER the amino acid carried by the tRNA will be added to the chain
Even though the deletion of one single base pair involves only one base pair, it typically has a dramatic effect on the structure and function of proteins encoded by a gene. Why do you think a deletion could have such a great impact? - ANSWER because a deletion may affect many codons and thus many amino acids
What might be the selective advantage of having unidirectional air flow (i.e. air that moves in a loop) compared to bidirectional air flow (i.e. air that moves in then back out the same way)? In uni-directional flow: - ANSWER There is less mixing of fresh and 'used' air
Which is Sedum more closely related to, Tetracarp or Water Milfoil? - ANSWER Sedum is equally related to Tetracarp and Water Milfoil
which of these species, if any, is equally related to all of the others? - ANSWER whittonia
which is more closely related to pterostemon, gum-vine or False Daphne? - ANSWER Gum vine is more closely related to pterostemon
which of the following sets of species would constitute a clade? - ANSWER Witch-hazel, katsura, and false daphne
During human development, one Successively produces embryonic Hb, then fetal Hb, then adult Hb. Which of the following statements describing this progression is CORRECT? - ANS The successive forms of Hb represent a gradual decrease in Hb-O affinity throughout the developmental period.
Humans have about 21,000 genes. Which of the these genes would you find in a cell taken from a salivary gland, which makes your saliva?
You Answered - ANSWER all the genes
Above, the cactus plants and Euphorbia plants seem very similar in form to each other. Their similar form is cited regularly as an example of convergent evolution. Apply the concept of convergent evolution now to what inference can be made about these plant species? Note: if you can't see image, see picture entitled 'Plants' on the pdf. ANSWER They both evolved their similar appearance independently of each other because of similar adaptive pressures
Rhesus macaques are common monkeys in India. There is a small population of them in Nepal that is descended from some monkeys that crossed the Himalayas many years ago. Based on the Biological Species Concept, how would you determine whether the Indian and Nepalese macaques are the same species? - ANSWER See if they can produce children and grandchildren with each other.
Look at this figure. What's happening here?
[Note: if you can't see the image, look at the picture called 'what's happening' on the pdf.] - ANSWER Chromosomes are exchanging pieces.
Crystallin is a protein in your eye-lens and in a number of other parts of the body. You wish to determine if a gene encoding crystallin is turned on in a given cell. Which of the following would be the most helpful question you could ask? - ANSWER Is crystallin mRNA present in the cell? When we burn coal (or oil/gasoline), we release CO2 into the atmosphere. What is the source of most of the carbon in that CO2? - ANSWER Organic molecules that were buried about 350 million years ago
