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BIO 669 QUIZ 3 QUESTIONS & VERIFIED
ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT
(NEW 2025 UPDATE)
what does insulin do to adiposecytes? - ANS ✓increase fatty acids and triglyceride synthesis and decrease the breakdown of fatty acids in adipocytes. stimulates fat production=adipocytes get bigger what does amylin do? - ANS ✓delays nutrient uptake and suppresses glucagon after meals so we don't have a blood sugar spike what does insulin do to protein? - ANS ✓enhance protein synthesis and decrease protein break down what does glucocorticosteroids do for protein? - ANS ✓disrupts protein synthesis and increases the break down of proteins What does the adrenal cortex secrete? - ANS ✓aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
Bio When does negative feedback occur? - ANS ✓occurs when a changing chemical, neural, and endocrine response to a stimulus decreases synthesis and secretion of a hormone. wants to stay within a parameter what is down-regulation? - ANS ✓excess amount of a hormone has an effect that decreases the cells and/or the cell receptor affinities available for that hormone large amount of hormones= decrease in receptors, less effect. what is up-regulation? - ANS ✓decreased amounts of a hormone, causes the cell to increase the number of receptors available to make the cell more sensitized the cell to that hormone and it's effects small amount of hormones= increase in receptors to attach to. what is the most common operating system for hormones? - ANS ✓negative- feedback loop
Bio what does diurnal mean? - ANS ✓released 2 times a day What does pulsatile mean? - ANS ✓releases when things rise and fall out of a given range what does cyclical mean? - ANS ✓up and down depending on time of day or wake/sleep cycle how are hormones removed from the body? - ANS ✓cellular mechanisms- metabolized by cell and excreted as metabolic waste, excreted by kidneys, and/or degraded by liver what type of hormones dissolve in the plasma? - ANS ✓water-soluble can water soluble hormones cross the membrane and why? - ANS ✓they can not because they are charged. why do water-soluble hormones bind to the surface receptors? - ANS ✓so that they can pass the signal on into the cell since they are cannot go inside.
Bio what. lasts longer, water-soluble hormones or lipid soluble hormones? - ANS ✓lipid soluble hormones do lipid soluble hormones travel across the cell membrane? - ANS ✓yes- they are hydrophobic and can bind to a receptor inside the cell. where can lipid soluble hormones bind? - ANS ✓receptors in the cytosol or the nucleus why are lipid soluble hormones so long lasting? - ANS ✓they can bind to carrier proteins within the plasma and act as a reserve, while fewer free lipid soluble hormones are crossing the cell membrane what is first messenger? - ANS ✓water-soluble hormones or other chemicals bind to receptors in plasma membrane what is second messenger? - ANS ✓chemical signals that are generated within a cell that mediate the action of a water-soluble hormone or other chemical what are examples of second messengers? - ANS ✓calcium, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
Bio Diabetes- insipidus What is SIADH? - ANS ✓abnormal stimulation to the hypothalamic area of the brain, causing excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin) what can SIADH result in? - ANS ✓retention of water in= hyponatremia serum hypoosmolality. hyponatremia symptoms- decrease in muscle and neural excitability dyspnea on exertion- fluid volume overload potentially cerebral edema What is diabetes insipidus? - ANS ✓a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss what does diabetes insidious result in? - ANS ✓hyperosmolality polyuria inability to concentrate urine polydipsia symptoms of hypernatremia
Bio what are the reasons for diabetes insidious? - ANS ✓neurogenic- not enough ADH being released from nervous system/ posterior pituitary nephrogenic- inadequate response to ADH psychogenic-drinking too much water what are diseases of anterior pituitary? - ANS ✓hypopituitarism hypeerpituitarism hypersecretion of growth hormone
- acromegaly
- giantism hyperthyroidism What causes hypopituitarism? - ANS ✓infarction, hemorrhage, shock, head trauma, infections, tumors What is hypopituitarism? - ANS ✓decreased secretion of pituitary hormones What is panhypopituitarism? - ANS ✓decreased secretion of all pituitary hormones acth, tsh, lh, fsh, gh
Bio what does hyperthyroidism result in/ from? - ANS ✓thyrotoxicosis- increased heart rate, BP, and metabolism= increase in body temp (heat intolerance) What is Grave's disease? - ANS ✓The most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disease. antibodies bind to thyroid and creates increase in t3 and t4 production, feeding back to decrease in other thyroid hormones but continues to increase T3 and T what are manifestations of graves disease? - ANS ✓myexedema- thickness in skin and non pitting edema in the shin area due to increase in acid in dermas exopthamalus- eye bulge due to pressure and increase in muscle mass in that area what is nodular hyperthyroidism? - ANS ✓when cells lose their ability to regulate by restricting TSH but they continue to produce T3 and T4= thickening of thyroid resulting in goiter What is a Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm)? - ANS ✓rapid increase of thyroid hormone being released often caused by damage and/or surgery. can be life threatening.
Bio what are diseases of the thyroid? - ANS ✓primary hypothyroidism congenital hypothyroidism what is primary hypothyroidism? - ANS ✓originates in the thyroid ie. Hashimoto’s, subacute thyroid, painless thyroiditis, postpartum, myexedma coma What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis? - ANS ✓autoimmune disease where antibodies destroy and inflammation of the thyroid. what is subacute thyroiditis? - ANS ✓when while you have a diminished production, you still have enough thyroid hormone for the issue to be an acute clinical issue what is a myexedema coma - ANS ✓when you have decreased thyroid leading to an increase in fluid in face and around eyes. Severe and life threatening. what is secondary hypothyroidism? - ANS ✓results when the pituitary gland is dysfunctional and does not secrete TSH
Bio What is hypoparathyroidism? - ANS ✓Results from inadequate circulating PTH that results in hypocalcemia. caused by damage/surgery what are the manifestations of hypoparathyroidism? - ANS ✓hypocalcemia- chevosteks and trousseau and hyperphosphatemia What is Chevostek's sign? - ANS ✓the twitching of the cheek What is Trousseau's sign? - ANS ✓BP cuff inflated and causes a carpal spasm. type1 diabetes - ANS ✓idiopathic- ?? of cause autoimmune- most common macrophage, t-cytotoxic, and antibodies- attack pancreas and beta cells lose insulin, amylin and glucagon regulation what are manifestations of type 1 diabetes? - ANS ✓hyperglycemia
Bio polydipsia polyuria polyphagia weight loss fatigue type 2 diabetes mellitus - ANS ✓insulin resistance and loss of insulin begins with insulin resistance and later loss of beta cells. what are risk factors for type 2 diabetes? - ANS ✓obesity, age, hypertension, decreased physical activity and family hx. Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) - ANS ✓is an autosomal dominant disorder involving mutations in the glucokinase gene
- patients have nonprogressive hyperglycemia that is usually asymptomatic at diagnosis and is usually managed with diet alone gestational diabetes - ANS ✓any degree of glucose intolerence during pregnancies Acute complications of diabetes - ANS ✓-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Bio Cushing disease manifestations - ANS ✓thinner limbs but central depositions of fat, moon face and buffalo hump. What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia? - ANS ✓These people lack the enzyme the adrenal glands need to make the hormones cortisol and aldosterone and the body produces more androgen Hyperaldosteronism - ANS ✓Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn disease) Secondary hyperaldosteronism what does excess aldosterone result in? - ANS ✓excess sodium retention, increased excretion of potassium hypernatremia and hypokalaemia increase in volume due to excess sodium increases excitability of neurons and muscles- twitching. who is affected by hyperaldosteronism? - ANS ✓ 30 - 50yrs more females increased risk of fatality for African Americans ace inhibitors- more effective in African Americans to decrease
Bio what is secondary hyperaldosteronism? - ANS ✓response to CHF, liver failure, dehydration, diuretics, fludrocortisone increases with birth control pills and pregnancy. what is the result of hypersecretion of androgens? - ANS ✓feminization for males and virilization (excess testosterone) for females what is adrenal cortical hypofusion? - ANS ✓Addison’s disease (primary) and secondary What is Addison's disease? - ANS ✓diminished cortisol. secondary Hyde cortisol? - ANS ✓suppression from other source What can Addisonian crisis cause? - ANS ✓*Hypotension *Hypoglycemia *Hyperkalemia *Hyponatremia *Weakness, weight loss, and abdominal pain
Bio what do adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) do? - ANS ✓releases cortisol from the adrenal cortex and initially a brief spurt of aldosterone. What does aldosterone do? - ANS ✓A mineralcorticoid, its secretion causes sodium retention and potassium excretion. helps with body fluid osmolality what regulates aldosterone? - ANS ✓renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system when volume is low what affects does cortisol have? - ANS ✓anti inflammatory what do glucocorticoids stimulate and increase of? - ANS ✓blood glucose levels what does thyroid-stimulating hormones do? - ANS ✓regulates the activity of the thyroid gland. increased iodide uptake; what does growth hormone doe? - ANS ✓normal tissue growth and maturation and impacts aging, sleep, nutritional status, stress, and reproductive hormones.
Bio what is growth hormones target organs? - ANS ✓bone, muscle, liver what is prolactin function? - ANS ✓milk production what is prolactins target organs? - ANS ✓breast what are somatotropic hormones? - ANS ✓growth hormone prolactin What does leutinizing hormone stimulate? - ANS ✓progesterone release in women affects the Sertoli cells in men What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do? - ANS ✓increases estrogen production in the ovaries of women increase testosterone production in men what does beta-lipotropin affect? - ANS ✓adipocytes and stimulate release of lipids into blood stream
