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BIO 669 QUIZ 1 ( 2025) QUESTIONS
& VERIFIED ANSWERS| GRADE A|
100% CORRECT
Hypernatremia causes cells to _____ - ANS ✓shrink when does hyperchloremia occur? - ANS ✓with hypernatremia and HCO loss/deficit What is hyponatremia? - ANS ✓decreased fluid retention. forces fluid into cells= edema hyponatremia causes cell____ - ANS ✓swelling (increase ICP, decrease reflexes, lethargy) manifestations of hyponatremia - ANS ✓lethargy, seizures, coma, decreased reflexes life-threatening- cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure
Bio manifestations of water excess - ANS ✓cerebral edema, muscle twitching, nausea, weakness, headache, and weight gain causes of hypochloremia - ANS ✓severe vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suction Causes of hypokalemia - ANS ✓reduced intake of potassium, increased entry of potassium into cells, and increased loss of potassium, low insulin insulins stimulates ______ potassium in cells - ANS ✓increased Ketoacidosis= K+ is _____ of the cell - ANS ✓outside. body thinks that it has too much K+ and pees it out ketoacidosis= H+ is _____ of the cell - ANS ✓inside amount of potassium in the extracellular fluid? - ANS ✓ 5 amount of potassium of intracellular fluid? - ANS ✓ 150
Bio
- blood administration
- decreases in PTH and vitamin D
- nutritional deficiencies occur with inadequate sources of dairy products or green leafy vegetables effects of hypocalcemia - ANS ✓Increased neuromuscular excitability b/c less blocked sodium channels
- Tingling, muscle spasm (particularly in hands, feet, and facial muscles), intestinal cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds Severe cases show convulsions and tetany Prolonged QT interval, cardiac arrest causes of hypercalcemia - ANS ✓Hyperparathyroidism Bone metastases with calcium resorption from breast, prostate, renal, and cervical cancer Sarcoidosis- Excess vitamin D Many tumors that produce PTH effects of hypercalcemia - ANS ✓decreased excitability Many nonspecific: fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation Impaired renal function, kidney stones
Bio Dysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrest Bone pain, osteoporosis increased parathyroid hormone and vitamin D causes of hypophosphatemia - ANS ✓Intestinal malabsorption (vitamin D deficiency, use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing antacids, long-term alcohol abuse) Malabsorption syndromes Respiratory alkalosis Increased renal excretion of phosphate associated with hyperparathyroidism Effects of hypophosphatemia - ANS ✓Reduced capacity for oxygen transport by red blood cells, thus disturbed energy metabolism Leukocyte and platelet dysfunction Deranged nerve and muscle function In severe cases, irritability, confusion, numbness, coma, convulsions, possibly respiratory failure, cardiomyopathies, bone resorption causes of hyperphosphatemia - ANS ✓Acute or chronic renal failure with significant loss of glomerular filtration Treatment of metastatic tumors with chemotherapy that releases large amounts of phosphate into serum
Bio What is a buffer? - ANS ✓a chemical that can bind excessive H+ or OH- without a significant change in pH hemoglobin binds to hydrogen in ______ - ANS ✓protein buffering secretes H+ in urine and reabsorbs HCO3- in ______ - ANS ✓renal buffering low pH at injection spot= anesthesia is ________ - ANS ✓less likely to work carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - ANS ✓chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood what are the major organs involved in the regulation of acid-base balance? - ANS ✓bones, lungs, and kidneys Carbonic acid can be broken down into what? - ANS ✓CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (Water) or H+(hydrogen) and HCO3-(bicarbonate) where does carbonic acid operate? - ANS ✓kidneys and lungs
Bio what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid in a neutral pH? - ANS ✓20:1 (Ratio must be maintained even with increases and decreases) how does respiratory compensate? - ANS ✓Increase ventilation= expire CO (decrease in CO2) Decrease ventilation= retain CO2 (Increase or stay the same CO2) How do the kidneys compensate? - ANS ✓make urine more acidic or alkaline In acidosis the body ______ H+ and _____ HCO3-bicarbonate (Base) - ANS ✓Increases, decreases, In alkalosis the body ______ H+ and ______ HCO3- Bicarbonate (Base) - ANS ✓Decreases, increases respiratory acidosis - ANS ✓elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression respiratory alkalosis - ANS ✓depression of pCO2 as a result of alveolar hyperventilation
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- Vomiting
- Mucus and cilia epithelial cells (derived chemical barriers)
- saliva, tears, earwax, sweat. mucus microbiome (natural flora) how does an inflammatory response manifest? - ANS ✓redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function what are the vascular responses for inflammatory response? - ANS ✓blood vessels dilation, increased vascular permeability and leakage, white blood cells adherence to the inner walls of the vessels and migration through the vessels What is the goal of inflammation? - ANS ✓To limit/prevent infection and further damage and to initiate the adaptive immune response, healing, and limit and control the inflammatory response. what are the three plasma protein systems? - ANS ✓complement, clotting, kinin systems What is the complement system? - ANS ✓produces biologically active fragments that recruit phagocytes, activate mast cells, and destroy pathogens.
Bio stimulates further inflammation. What is the clotting system? - ANS ✓forms a fibrinous meshwork at the injured or inflamed site. limits spread and bleeding why is the clotting system important? - ANS ✓prevents spread of infection localizes microorganisms and foreign bodies forms a clot to stop bleeding provides framework for repair and healing What is the kinin system? - ANS ✓functions to activate and assist inflammatory cells. What does the kinin system do? - ANS ✓causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, increases vascular permeability what are the cellular components of inflammation? - ANS ✓erthrocytes, platelets, leukocytes
Bio What is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? - ANS ✓Secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation what do tumor necrosis factor-alphas do? - ANS ✓induce fever by acting as an endogenous pyrogen increase synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis What does interferon do? - ANS ✓protects against viral infection protects neighboring cells from being infected why is interferon produced/ released? - ANS ✓produced and released by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA what are mast cells? - ANS ✓cellular bags of granules that are located in loose connective tissues close to blood vessels Where are mast cells found? - ANS ✓skin, digestive lining, and respiratory tract what do mast cells contain? - ANS ✓histamine, cytokines, and chemotaxic factors (stimulate cell migration to an area)
Bio Where are basophils found? - ANS ✓blood how are chemicals released in mast cells and basophils? - ANS ✓degranulation (releases particles from a cell granules) and synthesis, help in immunity release histamine in response to an antigen What is degranulation of mast cells? - ANS ✓the release of contents of mast cell granules what is synthesis of mast cells? - ANS ✓the new production and release of mediators in response to a stimulus What is histamine? - ANS ✓vasoactive amine that causes temporary rapid constriction of large blood vessels and the dilation of postcapillary venules swelling, edema, pain, and redness. What are H1 receptors? - ANS ✓pro inflammatory present in smooth muscle cells of bronchi ie. hay fever.
Bio When are platelets activated? - ANS ✓by tissue destruction and inflammation What are neutrophils? - ANS ✓WBC's that ingest and destroy microbes in a process called phagocytosis. component of purulent exudate What are eosinophils? - ANS ✓defense against parasites and regulation of vascular mediators Where are monocytes produced? - ANS ✓bone marrow what do monocytes develop into? - ANS ✓macrophages What is a macrophage? - ANS ✓A large cell that can ingest and destroy dying cells or cellular debris later arrival- 24 hours or later neutrophiles arrive first at an injury or infection What do dendritic cells do? - ANS ✓detect signs of infection then move to lymph to activate lymphocytes (made in bone marrow, have B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
Bio B-make antibodie T- kill tumor cell and control immune response What is phagocytosis? - ANS ✓process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material What is margination? - ANS ✓adherence of leukocytes (wbc) to endothelial cells at point of damage endothelial cell most inner layer of vessel removal of pathogens What is diapedesis? - ANS ✓Emigration of cells through the endothelial junctions help movement of leukocytes form the blood to areas of infection or tissue damage mostly leukocytes what are the steps of phagocytosis? - ANS ✓Adherence Engulfment Phagosome formation Fusion with lysosomal granules Destruction of the target
Bio Long-term highly effective protection against future exposure to the same microorganism What is active immunity? - ANS ✓exposure to antigen immunizations What is passive immunity? - ANS ✓preformed antibodies or T cells are administered, mothers breast milk what is a primary immunodeficiency? - ANS ✓congenital what is a secondary immunodeficiency? - ANS ✓acquired caused by another illness more common How is AIDS diagnosed? - ANS ✓1) positive evidence of HIV infection, 2) with an opportunistic infection, and 3) CD4 cell count less than 200 (discussed below). Autoimmunity - ANS ✓reaction of immune response to one's own tissues Alloimmunity - ANS ✓Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
Bio water makes up ____% in men - ANS ✓60% water makes up ____% in women - ANS ✓50% made up of 2/3 (40%) of water - ANS ✓intracellular made up of 1/3 (20%) of water - ANS ✓extracellular what two things make up extracellular fluid? - ANS ✓Intravascular and interstitial what % of intravascular is in the extracellular? - ANS ✓25% what % of interstitial is in the extracellular? - ANS ✓75% who has more water, men or women? - ANS ✓men who has more water, elderly or pediatric? - ANS ✓pediatric why does total body water decrease as we age? - ANS ✓decreased free fat and muscle mass renal decline
