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BIO | 669 |Exam | 1 |EC |Questions |with |correct |
answers
Hypotension, |tachycardia |and |low |urine |output |are |signs |of |- |✔✔hypovolemia 7.36 |ph, |high |CO2 |and |high |bicarbonate |indicates |- |✔✔fully |compensated |respiratory |acidosis If |water |consists |of |60% |of |TBW. |Choose |and |assign |corresponding |percentages |(40, |5,15 |and |20). ICF |= ECF= Interstitial |= Intravascular |= |- |✔✔ICF=40; |ECF=20; |Interstitial |= | 15 |and |Intravascular |= | 5 Adaptive |Immunity |is |programmed |to |respond |to |damage |to |the |body |whether |the |damaged |tissue |is |septic |or |sterile |- |✔✔False |. Adaptive |(Acquired) |Immunity |is |the |third |line |of |defense |in |human |body |also |called |the |immune | response |or |immunity. |Whereas |the |Innate |Immune |system |is |programmed |to |respond |to |damage |to | the |body |whether |the |damaged |tissue |is |septic |or |sterile.
- |A |patient |in |the |Medical |ICU |has |+3 |pitting |edema |in |the |extremities, |jaundice, |icterus, |and |a | grossly |distended |abdomen. |Labs |show |that |his |albumin |levels |are |1.2. |Which |option |below |describe | the |process |behind |the |ascites |and |pitting |edema |? A. |Decreased |hydrostatic |pressure B. |Decreased |capillary |oncotic |pressure C. |Increased |Interstitial |hydrostatic |pressure D. |Decreased |interstitial |oncotic |pressure |- |✔✔B- |decreased |capillary |oncotic |pressure
Which |of |the |following |is |NOT |a |non |volatile |acid |in |the |body? A. |Lactic |acid B. |Phosphoric |acid C. |Hydroxybutyric |acid D. |Carbonic |acid |- |✔✔D- |carbonic |acid In |one |of |the |major |acid/base |buffering |systems; |the |lungs |will |decrease |__________ |_________ |by | blowing |off |carbon |dioxide |and |leaving |water |and |the |kidneys |will |regulate |the |levels |of |__________ | to |maintain |a |safe |pH. |- |✔✔Carbonic |acid/bicarbonate A |patient |presents |to |your |office |you |find; |dysthymia, |fatigue, |decrease |bowel |sounds, |thirst, |and | weakness. |What |potassium |imbalance |is |this? |- |✔✔Hypokalemia Hyponatremia |usually |causes |the |movement |of |_________into |____ |- |✔✔Answer: |water, |cells Causes |of |hypernatremia, |include: A |excessive |free |water |intake. B |inappropriate |administration |of |hypertonic |saline |solution. C |over |secretion |of |the |hormone |aldosterone. D |Cushing |syndrome. E |ingesting |large |amounts |of |dietary |sodium. |- |✔✔Answer: |B, |C, |D (some |Causes |of |Hypernatremia) B |inappropriate |administration |of |hypertonic |saline |solution. C |over |secretion |of |the |hormone |aldosterone. D |Cushing |syndrome.
A. |Potassium B. |Calcium C. |Water D. |Sodium |- |✔✔D. |Sodium All |of |these |are |causes |of |edema |except: A: |Increase |in |capillary |hydrostatic |pressure B: |Decreased |in |plasma |oncotic |pressure C: |Increased |in |capillary |permeability D: |Decrease |in |hydrostatic |pressure |- |✔✔D: |Decrease |in |hydrostatic |pressure _________ |have |similar |effects |to |histamine |in |later |stages A: |prostaglandins B: |Eosinaphils C: |Leukotrienes D: |Platelet-activating |factors |- |✔✔C: |Leukotrienes Causes |of |metabolic |alkalosis |include |all |the |following |except: a) |Mineralocorticoid |deficiency B) |Hypokalemia c) |Thiazide |diuretic |therapy d) |Recurrent |vomiting |- |✔✔a) |Mineralocorticoid |deficiency All |are |true |about |metabolic |alkalosis |except |one:
a) |Associated |with |hyperkalemia b) |Associated |with |decreased |ionic |calcium |concentration | c) |Can |be |caused |due |to |Primary |hyperaldosteronism d) |Can |be |caused |due |to |Renin |secreting |tumor |- |✔✔a) |Associated |with |hyperkalemia Which |of |the |following |are | 2 |forces |that |favor |filtration? A. |Capillary |hydrostatic |pressure B. |Plasma |(capillary |) |oncotic |pressure C. |Interstitial |hydrostatic |pressure D. |Interstitial |oncotic |pressure |- |✔✔A. |Capillary |hydrostatic |pressure D. |Interstitial |oncotic |pressure Immunization |is |an |example |of |which |type |of |immunity? A. |Active B. |Passive |- |✔✔A. |Active |Immunity In |order |for |someone |to |be |diagnosed |with |AIDS |what |criteria |must |be |met? a. |CD4 |T |Cells |> b. |CD4 |T |Cells |< c. |CD4 |T |Cells |< d. |CD4 |T |Cells |<400 |- |✔✔c. |CD4 |T |Cells |< A | 60 |year |old |woman |presents |with |a |complicated |wound |to |her |left |calf. |Throughout |the |assessment |you |gather |information |from |the |patient |and |find |out |the |patient |is |currently |smoking. |What |
b. |Chloride c. |Sodium d. |Magnesium |- |✔✔c. |Sodium Papilledema |is |an |indicator |of |which |of |the |following |problem? a. |Increased |sodium |retention b. |Increased |intracranial |pressure c. |Dehydration d. |Widening |of |the |foramen |magnum |- |✔✔b. |Increased |intracranial |pressure Both |_______ |and |________ |would |be |considered |physical |and/or |mechanical |barriers |that |contribute |to |the |body's |defense |mechanisms. a.) |normal |body |flora; |cytokines b.) |respiratory |tract |ciliary |movement; |neurons c.) |Natural |Killer |Cells; |epithelial |cells |of |the |skin d.) |epithelial |cells |of |the |skin; |respiratory |tract |ciliary |movement |- |✔✔d.) |epithelial |cells |of |the |skin; | respiratory |tract |ciliary |movement Physical |barriers |are |composed |of |tightly |associated |epithelial |cells |that |comprise |the |skin |and |the | lining |of |the |GI |tract |which |prevent |entry |of |outside |pathogens. |Mechanical |barriers |remove | pathogens |that |attempt |to |invade |the |physical |barrier. Which |of |the |following |would |not |be |a |contributing |factor |to |dysfunctional |wound |healing? a.) |Infection b.) |Minerals |& |Vitamins |use c.) |Diabetes d.) |Ischemia |- |✔✔b.) |Minerals |& |Vitamins |use
Infection |causes |cell |damage, |diabetes |impairs |circulation, |and |ischemia |causes |cell |death |with | collagen |impairment. What |is |NOT |true |in |regards |to |action |potentials? a. |Na+ |gates |are |open b. |Na+ |gates |are |closed c. |K+ |gates |are |open d. |it |is |an |all |or |none |event |- |✔✔b. |Na+ |gates |are |closed The |sympathetic |nervous |system |is |known |for |its |_________ |or |________ |phenomenon. |Whereas |the |parasympathetic |nervous |system |is |focuses |on |______ |and |_____ |response. |- |✔✔fight-or-flight; |rest | and |tranquility What |systems |with |the |buffer |system |are |regulators |of |acid |base |balance? A. |neurologic |and |cardiac B. |renal |and |respiratory C. |gastrointestinal |and |musculoskeletal |- |✔✔B. |renal |and |respiratory ________________are |the |cell |needed |to |kill |bacteria |in |the |early |inflammation |stages. A. |neutrophils B. |basophils C. |eosinophils |- |✔✔A. |neutrophils Which |of |the |following |are |treatment |options |for |HIV? |Select |all |that |apply. a. |Reverse-transcriptase |inhibitors b. |Entrance |inhibitors
B) |Associated |with |hyperkalemia C) |High |bicarbonate, |high |pH |lab |results D) |Hypoventilation |as |a |compensatory |mechanism |- |✔✔A, |C, |D | A) |Can |be |caused |by |vomiting |with |hydrochloric |acid |loss C) |High |bicarbonate, |high |pH |lab |results D) |Hypoventilation |as |a |compensatory |mechanism What |Plasma |Protein |system |has |similarities |to |histamine |and |assists |inflammatory |cells |by |causing | dilation |of |blood |vessels, |pain, |and |smooth |muscle |contraction? a) |Compliment |system b) |Clotting |system c) |Kinin |system d) |none |of |the |above |- |✔✔c) |Kinin |system |(specifically |bradykinin) What |is |the |bodies |defense |to |viral |infections? a) |Interleukins b) |Tumor |necrosis |factor-alpha c) |Basophils d) |Interferon |- |✔✔d) |Interferon Fill |in |the |correct |blanks: |________________ |are |antimicrobial |peptides |that |inhibit |microbial |growth | and |require |activation |by |proteolytic |enzymes. A. |Interferons B. |B-defensins C. |Collectins
D. |A-defensins |- |✔✔D. |A-defensins What |is |a |shared |symptom |of |hyperphosphatemia |and |hypercalcemia? A. |Seizures B. |Anorexia C. |Cardiac |dysrhythmias D. |Muscle |Weakness |- |✔✔B. |Anorexia (blank) |is |secreted |by |the |posterior |pituitary |in |response |to |an |increase |in |plasma |osmolality |or |a | decrease |in |circulating |blood |volume. a. |ACE b. |ADH c. |H d. |ECF |- |✔✔b. |ADH |(antidiuretic |hormone) (blank) |is |the |most |prevalent |ICF |ion. |It |is |required |in |order |for |glycogen |to |be |able |cross |liver |and | skeletal |muscle |cells. |If |insulin |is |given |when |levels |are |low |this |may |lead |to |an |dangerously |low | levels |of |this |ion. |- |✔✔Potassium Which |type |of |pressure |attracts |water |from |the |capillary |into |the |interstitial |space? A. |Capillary |hydrostatic |pressure B. |Capillary |oncotic |pressure C. |Interstitial |hydrostatic |pressure D. |Interstitial |oncotic |pressure |- |✔✔D. |Interstitial |oncotic |pressure Which |of |the |following |is |NOT |a |quality |of |adaptive |immunity?
c. |tall |peaked |T |wave d. |skeletal |weakness |- |✔✔C. |tall |peaked |T |wave All |of |the |following |are |contributing |factors |to |acidosis |except: a. |Too |Much |Acid b. |Too |Little |Base c. |Too |Much |Base d. |Too |Much |Carbon |Dioxide |- |✔✔C. |Too |Much |Base True |or |False: Oncotic |pressure |is |responsible |for |the |movement |of |water |intra |cellular |and |extracellular. |- |✔✔False, |it |is |Osmotic |pressure The |Natriuretic |Peptide |System |decreases |blood |pressure |by: a) |Releasing |ANH |from |atrial |endocrine |cells b) |Signaling |the |body |to |secrete |Aldosterone c) |Signaling |the |body |to |secrete |ADH d) |Blocking |the |conversion |of |Angiotensin | 1 |into |Angiotensin | 2 |- |✔✔a) |Releasing |ANH |- |signals |body | to |excrete |Na |and |thus |water, |which |lowers |BP. In |acute |inflammation, |which |of |the |following |plasma |proteins |protects |the |kidneys |from |severe | damage |in |a |trauma |patient |experiencing |hemolysis? a) |C-reactive |protein b) |Fibrinogen c) |Haptoglobin d) |Amyloid |- |✔✔c) |Haptoglobin |
During |hemolysis, |hemoglobin |spills |out |into |the |plasma |and |starts |to |make |its |way |to |the |kidneys. | Haptoglobin |binds |any |free |hemoglobin, |which |blocks |oxidation/chemical |reactants |from |binding |to | hemoglobin. |It |also |marks |the |hemoglobin |to |be |'recycled |elsewhere, |not |by |the |kidneys.' |This | prevents |hemoglobin |from |binding |with |chemical |reactants |and |being |excreted |by |the |kidneys, |which | would |otherwise |cause |severe |damage. As |proteins |leave |the |vessels |and |there |is |an |increase |of |loss |of |fluids, |this |is |known |as, a) |Metabolic |acidosis b) |active |immunity c) |capillary |permeability d) |colloid |osmotic |pressure |- |✔✔c. |capillary |permeability The |type |of |leukocyte |associated |with |allergic |responses |is |the |neutrophil. a) |True b) |False |- |✔✔b. |False |(the |type |of |leukocyte |is |eosinophil) The |movement |of |fluid |between |the |vascular, |interstitial |space |and |lymphatics |is |a |result |of? A. |Capillary |oncotic |pressure B. |Hydrostatic |pressure C.Net |filtration D. |Osmotic |forces |- |✔✔C. |Net |filtration Increased |osmolality |stimulates |ADH, |what |will |the |secretions |result |in? A. |Increased |water |reabsorption B. |Less |concentrated |blood |plasma C. |More |concentrated |urine D. |All |the |above |- |✔✔D. |All |of |the |above
A. |an |increase |in |the |adaptive |immune |response B. |a |decrease |for |oppurtunistic |infections C. |a |decrease |in |the |adaptive |immune |response D. |a |decrease |in |the |white |blood |cell |count |- |✔✔C- |a |decrease |in |the |adaptive |immune |response What |can |cause |increased |intercranial |pressure?
- |An |increase |in |protein
- |an |increase |in |sodium
- |a |decrease |in |blood |pressure
- |a |decrease |in |sodium |- |✔✔D. |a |decrease |in |sodium Which |of |the |following |is |NOT |considered |an |antimicrobial |peptide |as |a |chemical |barrier |in |the |first | line |of |defense? A. |Defensins B. |Collectins C. |Cathelicidins D. |Kinin |- |✔✔D. |Kinin What |is |the |role |of |the |Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone |system |in |the |sodium |and |chloride |balance? A. |Regulates |intracellular |electrical |neutrality |in |relation |to |Na+ |and |H+ B. |Causes |sodium |and |water |excretion C. |Control |Na+ |retention |and |thus |volume/pressure |in |the |vascular |system D. |Increases |capillary |permeability |- |✔✔C. |Control |Na+ |retention |and |thus |volume/pressure |in |the | vascular |system How |is |fluid |maintained |in |the |body? a.) |Kidneys |filtering |electrolytes |and |water |from |the |blood. b.) |The |thirst |mechanism |that |stimulate |thirst |in |response |to increase |the |blood |volume |concentration.
c.) |Movement |of |fluid |from |intravascular |to |interstitial |fluid |- |✔✔a-Kidneys |filtering |electrolytes |and | water |from |the |blood What |is |the |importance |of |having |electrolytes? a.) |Balance |the |body's |acid/base |pH |levels b.) |Move |nutrients |out |of |cells c.) |Move |waste |out |of |cells d.) |Make |sure |that |nerves, |the |heart, |and |brain |work |correctly e.) |A, |C, |and |D f.) |All |the |above |- |✔✔A, |C, |D a.) |Balance |the |body's |acid/base |pH |levels c.) |Move |waste |out |of |cells d.) |Make |sure |that |nerves, |the |heart, |and |brain |work |correctly All |immunogens |are |antigens, |but |not |all |_____________are_________________ |- |✔✔Antigens, | immunogens You |have |a |patient |that |you |admitted |to |the |telemetry |floor |and |you |place |them |on |the |cardiac | monitor |to |find |peaked |T-waves |and |ST |segment |changes. |You |know |that |______________is |the |likely |cause |of |the |peaked |T |waves |because |this |electrolyte |shifts |from |ICF |to |ECF |which |will |cause |an | increase |in |the |ability |of |the |heart |to |repolarize. a. |Hypokalemia b. |Hyperkalemia c. |Hyponatremia d. |Hypercalcemia |- |✔✔B. |Hyperkalemia _____________ |positioning |is |flexion |of |arms, |wrists, |fingers |with |adduction |in |upper |extremities.
Who |are |the |first |responders |in |the |inflammatory |process? a. |Neutrophils b. |Monocytes c. |Macrophages d. |Eosinophils |- |✔✔a. |Neutrophils While |working |a |patient |up |for |a |suspected |SCIDS |diagnosis, |which |would |you |NOT |expect |to |see: A,Increased |WBC |count |on |CBC B.. |Decreased |T |Cell |Production C.. |Decrease |B |Cell |Production D. |Absent |IgM |and |IgA |levels |- |✔✔A. a |patient |with |SCIDs |would |be |expected |to |have |a |very |low |WBC |result. Your |patient |has |required |a |significant |increase |in |diuretic |dosing |due |to |increased |blood |pressures | and |fluid |overload |producing |4Liters |of |urine |in |the |last | 24 |hours, |what |might |you |expect |to |see |on | morning |lab |work? A. |Increased |Potassium |Levels B. |Decreased |potassium |Levels C. |Decreased |WBC D. |Decreased |hemoglobin |- |✔✔B. |Decreased |potassium |Levels the |kidneys |are |the |most |effective |regulator |of |potassium, |and |increase |in |urine |clearance |would | result |in |a |lower |K+ What |is |the |total |body |water |percentage |for |men, |women, |and |children? |- |✔✔Men- |60% Women- |50% Pediatrics- |75-80%
What |organ |is |the |most |efficient |regulator |of |potassium |levels? |- |✔✔Kidney What |is |the |name |of |the |insoluble |protein |that |is |the |main |substance |in |coagulation? |- |✔✔Fibrin The |fluid |within |the |cells |is |termed? |What |percentage |of |total |body |weight |is |this |fluid? |- | ✔✔intracellular, |2/ How |many |liters |is |the |total |volume |of |body |water |for |a |70kg |woman? |- |✔✔Total |body |water | percentage |for |woman |is |50%. |Answer |is | 35 |liters A |nurse |is |admitting |a |client |who |reports |nausea, |vomiting, |and |weakness. |Upon |assessment, |the | client |has |dry |oral |mucous |membranes, |temperature |38.5 |C |(101.3 |F), |pulse |92/min, |respirations | 24/min, |skin |cool |with |tenting |present, |and |blood |pressure |102/64. |His |urine |is |concentrated |with |a | high |specific |gravity. |Which |of |the |following |are |clinical |manifestions |of |fluid |volume |deficit? |(Select | all |that |apply) A. |Decreased |skin |turgor B. |Concentrated |urine C. |Bradycardia D. |Low-grade E. |Tachypnea |- |✔✔A, |B, |D, |E A. |Decreased |skin |turgor B. |Concentrated |urine D. |Low-grade E. |Tachypnea A |nurse |is |assessing |a |client |who |has |hyperkalemia. |Which |of |the |following |conditions |is |associated | with |this |electrolyte |imbalance? A. |Diabetic |ketoacidosis B. |Heart |failure
