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BIO 669 Exam 1 EC
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- A patient in the Medical ICU has +3 pitting edema in the extremities, jaundice, icterus, and a grossly distended abdomen. Labs show that his albumin levels are 1.2. Which option below describe the process behind the ascites and pitting edema?
A. Decreased hydrostatic pressure B. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure C. Increased Interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure Ans>> decreased capillary oncotic pres- sure
- Which of the following is NOT a non volatile acid in the body?
A. Lactic acid B. Phosphoric acid
C. Hydroxybutyric acid D. Carbonic acid Ans>> carbonic acid
- In one of the major acid/base buffering systems; the lungs will decrease by blowing off carbon dioxide and leaving water and the kidneys will regulate the levels of to maintain a safe pH Ans>> Car- bonic acid/bicarbonate
- A patient presents to your office you find; dysthymia, fatigue, decrease bowel sounds, thirst, and weakness. What potassium imbalance is this Ans>> Hyokalemia
- Hyponatremia usually causes the movement of into
Ans>>:: water, cells
- Causes of hypernatremia, include:
A excessive free water intake. B inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution. C over secretion of the hormone aldosterone. D Cushing syndrome. E ingesting large amounts of dietary sodium Ans>> B, C, D (some Causes of Hypernatremia) B inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution.
Ans>>) A mineral that has an electric charge, found dissolved in bodies of water
- Alzheimer's disease is the result of a decrease in which neurotransmitter
A. Dopamine B. Acetylcholine C. Norepinephrine D. Serotonin Ans>> Acetylcholine
- An excessive amount of this electrolyte can contribute to decreased urine formation, the formation of SIADH, weakness, muscle twitching and cerebral edema
A. Potassium B. Calcium C. Water D. Sodium Ans>> Sodium
- All of these are causes of edema except:
A: Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure B: Decreased in plasma oncotic pressure C: Increased in capillary permeability D: Decrease in hydrostatic pressure
Ans>> Decrease in hydrostatic pressure
- have similar effects to histamine in later stages
A: prostaglandins B: Eosinaphils C: Leukotrienes D: Platelet-activating factors Ans>>: C: Leukotrienes
- Hypotension, tachycardia and low urine output are signs of: Ans>> hypovolemia
- 7.36 ph, high CO2 and high bicarbonate indicates: Ans>> fully compensated respira- tory acidosis
- If water consists of 60% of TBW. Choose and assign corresponding percent- ages (40, 5,15 and 20). ICF = ECF= Interstitial = Intravascular =: Ans>> ICF=40; ECF=20; Interstitial = 15 and Intravascular = 5
- Adaptive Immunity is programmed to respond to damage to the
- Which of the following are 2 forces that favor filtration?
A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Plasma (capillary ) oncotic pressure C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure Ans>> Capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Interstitial oncotic pressure
- Immunization is an example of which type of immunity?
A. Active B. Passive Ans>> Active Immunity
- In order for someone to be diagnosed with AIDS what criteria must be met?
a. CD4 T Cells > b. CD4 T Cells < c. CD4 T Cells < d. CD4 T Cells < Ans>> CD4 T Cells <
- A 60 year old woman presents with a complicated wound to her left calf.
Throughout the assessment you gather information from the patient and find out the patient is currently smoking. What information would you give to the patient in regards to her current smoking habits and her complicated wound?
a. You can continue to smoke even with your current wound because it will not effect the healing process in any way.
b. Smoking during the healing process can cause vasoconstriction therefore causing ischemia and interrupt the healing process.
c. There are no reason for you to quit smoking since smoking does not effect our health in any way.
d. You should stop smoking because it can increase your risk factors of getting lung disease and cardiovascular disease as well. Ans>> Smoking during the healing process can cause vasoconstriction therefore causing ischemia and interrupt the healing process.
- Non-volatile acids such as lactic acid cannot be converted into a gas and excreted as , so they must be buffered through the. a) C02, kidneys b) HC03, respiratory system c) C02, respiratory system d) HC03, kidneys Ans>> C02, kidneys
a.) normal body flora; cytokines b.) respiratory tract ciliary movement; neurons c.) Natural Killer Cells; epithelial cells of the skin d.) epithelial cells of the skin; respiratory tract ciliary movement Ans>>) epithelial cells of the skin; respiratory tract ciliary movement
Physical barriers are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells that comprise the skin and the lining of the GI tract which prevent entry of outside pathogens. Mechanical barriers remove pathogens that attempt to invade the physical barrier.
- Which of the following would not be a contributing factor to dysfunctional wound healing?
a.) Infection b.) Minerals & Vitamins use c.) Diabetes d.) Ischemia Ans>>) Minerals & Vitamins use
Infection causes cell damage, diabetes impairs circulation, and ischemia causes cell death with collagen impairment.
- What is NOT true in regards to action potentials?
a. Na+ gates are open b. Na+ gates are closed
c. K+ gates are open d. it is an all or none event Ans>> Na+ gates are closed
- The sympathetic nervous system is known for its or phenomenon. Whereas the parasympathetic nervous system is focuses on and response Ans>> fight-or-flight; rest and tranquility
- What systems with the buffer system are regulators of acid base balance?
A. neurologic and cardiac B. renal and respiratory C. gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal Ans>> renal and respiratory
- are the cell needed to kill bacteria in the early inflamma- tion stages. A. neutrophils B. basophils C. eosinophils Ans>> neutrophils
- Which of the following are treatment options for HIV? Select all that apply.
a. Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors b. Entrance inhibitors c. Exit inhibitors d. AZT e. Integrase inhibitors
um C) Aldosterone causes potassium excretion in urine D) Potassium deficiency delays ventricular repolarization Ans>> Insulin adminis- tration increases the extracellular concentration of potassium
- Which of the following is true about metabolic alkalosis? Select all that apply.
A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid loss B) Associated with hyperkalemia C) High bicarbonate, high pH lab results D) Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism: A, C, D
A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid loss C) High bicarbonate, high pH lab results D) Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism
- What Plasma Protein system has similarities to histamine and assists inflammatory cells by causing dilation of blood vessels, pain, and smooth muscle contraction?
a) Compliment system b) Clotting system c) Kinin system d) none of the above Ans>> Kinin system (specifically bradykinin)
- What is the bodies defense to viral infections?
a) Interleukins b) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha c) Basophils d) Interferon Ans>> Interferon
- Fill in the correct blanks: are antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth and require activation by proteolytic enzymes.
A. Interferons B. B-defensins C. Collectins D. A-defensins Ans>> A-defensins
- What is a shared symptom of hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia?
A. Seizures
B. Specific C. No memory D. None of the above Ans>> No memory
- To achieve an acid-base balance, pulmonary compensation is (fast or slow); while renal compensation is (fast or slow) Ans>> fast, slow (respectively)
- MHC class I molecules offer antigens; MHC class II molecules offer antigens. (endogenous or exogenous): endogenous, ex- ogenous (respectively)
- Hypokalemia may be caused by (increased, decreased) potassium intake, a shift of potassium from (ICF, ECF), to the (ICF, ECF), increased (ADH, Aldosterone), increased renal excretion, and (alkalosis, acidosis) Ans>> decreased, ECF, ICF, Aldosterone, alkalosis
- What are the macroscopic and microscopic hallmarks of inflammation Ans>> - Macro= redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function of the inflamed tissues
Micro= vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, accumulation of fluid and cells at the site of inflammation
- What percentage of total body water (TBW) is in a pediatric patient? a. 25% b. 50% c. 60% d. 75% Ans>> 75%
- Which of the following is not a sign of hypokalemia? a. decreased neuromuscular excitability b. smooth muscle atony c. tall peaked T wave d. skeletal weakness Ans>> tall peaked T wave
- All of the following are contributing factors to acidosis except: a. Too Much Acid b. Too Little Base c. Too Much Base d. Too Much Carbon Dioxide Ans>> Too Much Base
- True or False: Oncotic pressure is responsible for the movement of water intra cellular and extracellular Ans>> False, it is Osmotic pressure
- The Natriuretic Peptide System decreases blood pressure by:
with chemical reactants and being excreted by the kidneys, which would otherwise cause severe damage.
- As proteins leave the vessels and there is an increase of loss of fluids, this is known as, a) Metabolic acidosis b) active immunity c) capillary permeability d) colloid osmotic pressure Ans>> capillary permeability
- The type of leukocyte associated with allergic responses is the neutrophil. a) True b) False Ans>> False (the type of leukocyte is eosinophil)
- The movement of fluid between the vascular, interstitial space and lym- phatics is a result of?
A. Capillary oncotic pressure B. Hydrostatic pressure C.Net filtration D. Osmotic forces Ans>> Net filtration
- Increased osmolality stimulates ADH, what will the secretions result in? A. Increased water reabsorption B. Less concentrated blood plasma C. More concentrated urine
D. All the above Ans>> All of the above
- Your patient arrives from an outside hospital in DKA. Report from outside hospital is the patient received a bolus of Insulin and the patients blood sugar dropped from 520 to 198 over the last two hours. What would you be concerned about with the quick drop in blood sugar. A. ICP B. Kidney Function C. Liver Function D. UTI Ans>> ICP
- What is the most common electrolyte imbalance in the elderly? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypokalemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hypokalemia Ans>> Hypokalemia
- Which systems together with the body's buffer systems are the principal regulators of acid-base balance?
