BIO 669 Exam 1, 2, & 3: ALL IN ONE (2025 / 2026) Tested Questions with Revised Ans - NKU, Exams of Pathophysiology

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BIO 669 Exam 1, 2 & 3

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BIO 669 Exam 1…………………….

BIO 669 Exam 2…………………….

BIO 669 Exam 3…………………….

BIO 669 Exam 1 EC

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1. A patient in the Medical ICU has +3 pitting edema in the extremities, jaundice, icterus, and a grossly distended abdomen. Labs show that his albumin levels are 1.2. Which option below describe the process behind the ascites and pitting edema?

A. Decreased hydrostatic pressure B. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure C. Increased Interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure Ans>> decreased capillary oncotic pres- sure

2. Which of the following is NOT a non volatile acid in the body?

A. Lactic acid B. Phosphoric acid

C over secretion of the hormone aldosterone. D Cushing syndrome.

7. Early changes of includes tall : Ans>> Hyperkalemia, peaked T waves
8. A is caused by an excess protein that is found in the skin during healing Ans>> Keloid
9. Your pt has an ST depression as a well as an inverted T-wave, and promi- nent U wave on EKG monitoring. What lab value is likely responsible? a.) Magnesium 2. b.) Phosphorous 2. c.) Potassium 2. d.) Potassium 5. Ans>>) Potassium 2.
10. What is an electrolyte?

a.) A substance that is responsible for controlling appetite and mood. b.) A hormone that is responsible for feelings of alertness throughout the day. c.) A mineral that has an electric charge, found dissolved in bodies of water d.) All of the above

Ans>>) A mineral that has an electric charge, found dissolved in bodies of water

11. Alzheimer's disease is the result of a decrease in which neurotransmitter

A. Dopamine B. Acetylcholine C. Norepinephrine D. Serotonin Ans>> Acetylcholine

12. An excessive amount of this electrolyte can contribute to decreased urine formation, the formation of SIADH, weakness, muscle twitching and cerebral edema

A. Potassium B. Calcium C. Water D. Sodium Ans>> Sodium

13. All of these are causes of edema except:

A: Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure B: Decreased in plasma oncotic pressure C: Increased in capillary permeability D: Decrease in hydrostatic pressure

body whether the damaged tissue is septic or sterile: Ans>> False. Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity is the third line of defense in human body also called the immune response or immunity. Whereas the Innate Immune system is programmed to respond to damage to the body whether the damaged tissue is septic or sterile.

19. Causes of metabolic alkalosis include all the following except:

a) Mineralocorticoid deficiency B) Hypokalemia c) Thiazide diuretic therapy d) Recurrent vomiting Ans>> Mineralocorticoid deficiency

20. All are true about metabolic alkalosis except one:

a) Associated with hyperkalemia b) Associated with decreased ionic calcium concentration c) Can be caused due to Primary hyperaldosteronism d) Can be caused due to Renin secreting tumor Ans>> Associated with hyperkalemia

21. Which of the following are 2 forces that favor filtration?

A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Plasma (capillary ) oncotic pressure C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure Ans>> Capillary hydrostatic pressure

D. Interstitial oncotic pressure

22. Immunization is an example of which type of immunity?

A. Active B. Passive Ans>> Active Immunity

23. In order for someone to be diagnosed with AIDS what criteria must be met?

a. CD4 T Cells > b. CD4 T Cells < c. CD4 T Cells < d. CD4 T Cells < Ans>> CD4 T Cells <

24. A 60 year old woman presents with a complicated wound to her left calf.

26. As Na+ travels into the cell, ions travel outside to maintain equality which may lead to acid/base imbalances. a) Cl- b) H+ c) Ca++ d) HCO Ans>> H+
27. What is the most abundant cation in the extracellular space? a. Potassium b. Chloride c. Sodium d. Magnesium Ans>> Sodium
28. Papilledema is an indicator of which of the following problem? a. Increased sodium retention b. Increased intracranial pressure c. Dehydration d. Widening of the foramen magnum Ans>> Increased intracranial pressure
29. Both and would be considered physical and/or mechan- ical barriers that contribute to the body's defense mechanisms.

a.) normal body flora; cytokines b.) respiratory tract ciliary movement; neurons c.) Natural Killer Cells; epithelial cells of the skin d.) epithelial cells of the skin; respiratory tract ciliary movement Ans>>) epithelial cells of the skin; respiratory tract ciliary movement

Physical barriers are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells that comprise the skin and the lining of the GI tract which prevent entry of outside pathogens. Mechanical barriers remove pathogens that attempt to invade the physical barrier.

30. Which of the following would not be a contributing factor to dysfunctional wound healing?

a.) Infection b.) Minerals & Vitamins use c.) Diabetes d.) Ischemia Ans>>) Minerals & Vitamins use

Infection causes cell damage, diabetes impairs circulation, and ischemia causes cell death with collagen impairment.

31. What is NOT true in regards to action potentials?

a. Na+ gates are open b. Na+ gates are closed

f. Protease inhibitor: A, B, D, E, F

a. Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors b. Entrance inhibitors d. AZT e. Integrase inhibitors f. Protease inhibitor

36. Breastfeeding is considered which type of immunity?

a. Active Immunity b. Adaptive Immunity c. Passive Immunity d. Transferred Immunity Ans>> Passive Immunity

37. Which of the following is NOT true about potassium?

A) Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with high serum potassium B) Insulin administration increases the extracellular concentration of potassi-

um C) Aldosterone causes potassium excretion in urine D) Potassium deficiency delays ventricular repolarization Ans>> Insulin adminis- tration increases the extracellular concentration of potassium

38. Which of the following is true about metabolic alkalosis? Select all that apply.

A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid loss B) Associated with hyperkalemia C) High bicarbonate, high pH lab results D) Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism: A, C, D

A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid loss C) High bicarbonate, high pH lab results D) Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism

39. What Plasma Protein system has similarities to histamine and assists inflammatory cells by causing dilation of blood vessels, pain, and smooth muscle contraction?

a) Compliment system b) Clotting system c) Kinin system d) none of the above Ans>> Kinin system (specifically bradykinin)

40. What is the bodies defense to viral infections?

B. Anorexia C. Cardiac dysrhythmias D. Muscle Weakness Ans>> Anorexia

43. (blank) is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to an increase in plasma osmolality or a decrease in circulating blood volume.

a. ACE b. ADH c. H d. ECF Ans>> ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

44. (blank) is the most prevalent ICF ion. It is required in order for glycogen to be able cross liver and skeletal muscle cells. If insulin is given when levels are low this may lead to an dangerously low levels of this ion Ans>> Potassium
45. Which type of pressure attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space?

A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Capillary oncotic pressure C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure Ans>> Interstitial oncotic pressure

46. Which of the following is NOT a quality of adaptive immunity? A. Inducible

B. Specific C. No memory D. None of the above Ans>> No memory

47. To achieve an acid-base balance, pulmonary compensation is (fast or slow); while renal compensation is (fast or slow) Ans>> fast, slow (respectively)
48. MHC class I molecules offer antigens; MHC class II molecules offer antigens. (endogenous or exogenous): endogenous, ex- ogenous (respectively)
49. Hypokalemia may be caused by (increased, decreased) potassium intake, a shift of potassium from (ICF, ECF), to the (ICF, ECF), increased (ADH, Aldosterone), increased renal excretion, and (alkalosis, acidosis) Ans>> decreased, ECF, ICF, Aldosterone, alkalosis
50. What are the macroscopic and microscopic hallmarks of inflammation Ans>> - Macro= redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function of the inflamed tissues

a) Releasing ANH from atrial endocrine cells b) Signaling the body to secrete Aldosterone c) Signaling the body to secrete ADH d) Blocking the conversion of Angiotensin 1 into Angiotensin 2 Ans>> Releasing ANH - signals body to excrete Na and thus water, which lowers BP.

56. In acute inflammation, which of the following plasma proteins protects the kidneys from severe damage in a trauma patient experiencing hemolysis?

a) C-reactive protein b) Fibrinogen c) Haptoglobin d) Amyloid Ans>> Haptoglobin

During hemolysis, hemoglobin spills out into the plasma and starts to make its way to the kidneys. Haptoglobin binds any free hemoglobin, which blocks oxida- tion/chemical reactants from binding to hemoglobin. It also marks the hemoglobin to be 'recycled elsewhere, not by the kidneys.' This prevents hemoglobin from binding

with chemical reactants and being excreted by the kidneys, which would otherwise cause severe damage.

57. As proteins leave the vessels and there is an increase of loss of fluids, this is known as, a) Metabolic acidosis b) active immunity c) capillary permeability d) colloid osmotic pressure Ans>> capillary permeability
58. The type of leukocyte associated with allergic responses is the neutrophil. a) True b) False Ans>> False (the type of leukocyte is eosinophil)
59. The movement of fluid between the vascular, interstitial space and lym- phatics is a result of?

A. Capillary oncotic pressure B. Hydrostatic pressure C.Net filtration D. Osmotic forces Ans>> Net filtration

60. Increased osmolality stimulates ADH, what will the secretions result in? A. Increased water reabsorption B. Less concentrated blood plasma C. More concentrated urine