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BIO 669 ENDOCRINE EXAM (NEW 2025
UPDATE) QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS|
GRADE A| 100% CORRECT-
Follicles of the thyroid gland include: - ANS ✓Iodine and thyroglobulin Parafollicular Cells (C-cells) of the Thyroid Gland - ANS ✓Secrete calcitonin which causes a decrease in blood calcium levels (moves into the bone) Thyroid Hormone - ANS ✓90% as T 10% as T *Most T4 is converted to T3 (stronger potency) How is Thyroid Hormone bound? - ANS ✓TH is bound to thyroxine-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding pre-albumin, albumin, or lipoproteins Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - ANS ✓Increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphate
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*However, due to downregulation, if you have constant high levels of PTH it can lead to osteoporosis (less receptors on cell) What is needed for PTH function? - ANS ✓Vitamin D Islets of Langerhans - ANS ✓Secrete insulin and glucagon Alpha Cells Secrete - ANS ✓Glucagon (convert glycogen to glucose) Beta Cells Secrete - ANS ✓Insulin and Amylin *Amylin slows the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream Insulin secretion is promoted by increased levels of: - ANS ✓Glucose, amino acids, and GI hormones *Insulin is an anabolic hormone and aids in the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids Amylin - ANS ✓Delays nutrient uptake by diminishing contractility into the stomach and decreasing the transport of nutrients from the stomach into the duodenum
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Zona Fasciculata - ANS ✓Largest of layers in the adrenal cortex and secretes cortisol Zona Reticularis - ANS ✓Secretes androgens Adrenal Medulla - ANS ✓Inner portion of the adrenal gland *Innervated by the SNS and contains Chromaffin cells What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex? - ANS ✓ACTH Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) - ANS ✓Direct effect on carbohydrate metabolism Anti-inflammatory and growth-suppressing effects *long-term secretion of cortisol can actually lead to connective tissue breakdown Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) - ANS ✓Increases the activity of the sodium pump of the epithelial cells Causes sodium retention and potassium and hydrogen loss
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Weak androgens are converted by peripheral tissues to stronger androgens such as: - ANS ✓Testosterone Chromaffin Cells (Adrenal Medulla) - ANS ✓Release Epi and Nor-epinephrine *Act like a ganglion of the SNS chain Role of monoamine oxidase: - ANS ✓Clears out neurotransmitters in the brain Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) - ANS ✓Prevents neurotransmitters from being broken down *Can lead to higher levels of Dopamine, Epi, and NE (increased BP) Random: how does dopamine effect prolactin? - ANS ✓Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion Random: catecholamines are synthesized from what amino acid? - ANS ✓Phenylalanine Permissive Effects of Hormones - ANS ✓A hormone can enable a second hormone to become more functional
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IP3 - ANS ✓Leads to the formation of calcium into the cell - and that calcium can frequently act as a second messenger Thyroid Hormone is an example of what type of hormone? - ANS ✓A lipid soluble steroid hormone TH is carrier bound which allows for lower fluctuations in TH blood concentrations Adenohypophysis - ANS ✓The anterior pituitary portal system of linear capillaries Neurohypophysis - ANS ✓The posterior pituitary system that arises from a complex of neurons/axons What is one of the first signs of a pituitary mass? - ANS ✓Double vision *r/t the position of the optic chiasma and pituitary gland Anterior Pituitary Releases - ANS ✓ACTH Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Growth hormone
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Prolactin FSH LH TSH Beta-lipotropin Beta-endorphins Posterior Pituitary Releases - ANS ✓ADH Oxytocin Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus - ANS ✓Secretes Oxytocin Supraoptic Nucleus of Hypothalamus - ANS ✓Secretes ADH Pineal Gland Secretes - ANS ✓Melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms and reproductive systems Plays a role in the onset of puberty
