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Communication Systems in the Human Body: Hormones and Neurotransmitters, Quizzes of Physiology

Definitions and functions of various communication systems in the human body, including local and long-distance pathways, direct and indirect communication, hormones, neurotransmitters, and their messengers. It covers topics such as gap junctions, endocrine system, nervous system, autocrine and paracrine hormones, second messengers, and signal transduction.

Typology: Quizzes

2014/2015

Uploaded on 09/22/2015

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TERM 1
local pathways
DEFINITION 1
are; Gap junctions Contact-dependent signals Autocrine
signals (same cell) Paracrine signals (adjacent cells)
TERM 2
Long Distance pathways
DEFINITION 2
Endocrine system Nervous system
TERM 3
Direct communication uses?
DEFINITION 3
Gap junctions Cellular contact/recognition
TERM 4
Indirect communication uses?
DEFINITION 4
Chemical signals Electrical signals
TERM 5
what are the messengers for this
communication?
DEFINITION 5
Molecules
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local pathways

are; Gap junctions Contact-dependent signals Autocrine signals (same cell) Paracrine signals (adjacent cells) TERM 2

Long Distance pathways

DEFINITION 2 Endocrine system Nervous system TERM 3

Direct communication uses?

DEFINITION 3 Gap junctions Cellular contact/recognition TERM 4

Indirect communication uses?

DEFINITION 4 Chemical signals Electrical signals TERM 5

what are the messengers for this

communication?

DEFINITION 5 Molecules

What needs to be in place for the signals to

be received?

It depends on the signal itself. The target cell must have a receptor. TERM 7

non-polar signals?

DEFINITION 7 can diffuse through the PM to an intracellular receptor ex: Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones TERM 8

If the signal is large or polar?

DEFINITION 8 must have a receptor protein on the cell surface and utilize a second messenger Insulin, epinephrine, acetylcholine, glycoproteins (FSH, LH) TERM 9

Autocoids

DEFINITION 9 exert their effects near their cells of origin: histamine, slow- reacting substance (SRS-A), bradykinin, inflammatory response compounds TERM 10

Second messengers

DEFINITION 10 function at the intracellular level: cyclic nucleotides, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium, other ions

what do telecrine hormones

do?

Exert effects over long distances Time period of effects is variable TERM 17

what do Telecrine hormones

do?

DEFINITION 17 released in the bloodstream and carried throughout the body; act at a distance with a target organ. TERM 18

what do Paracrine hormones

do?

DEFINITION 18 released into the interstitial space between tissues and exert their effect only on nearby cells. TERM 19

what do Autocrine hormones

do?

DEFINITION 19 target cell is the secretory cell itself TERM 20

Specificity

DEFINITION 20 (hormones bind only to cells with receptors)

High affinity

(high bond strength between hormone and receptor) TERM 22

Low capacity

DEFINITION 22 (limited number of receptors per cell) TERM 23

signal transduction

DEFINITION 23 convert a chemical signal to intracellular action Ligand Receptor Response TERM 24

target cell receptors

Intracellular?

DEFINITION 24 Lipophilic molecules can diffuse through membrane (receptor is in cytosol or nucleus) TERM 25

target cell receptors in Cell Membrane?

DEFINITION 25 Receptor channel Receptor-enzyme G protein-coupled receptor Integrin receptor

Thyroid hormone response 2

Carried in blood bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) Higher affinity for T TERM 32

Thyroid hormone response 3

DEFINITION 32 Almost all of T4 bound to TBG, T3 free in plasma T4 is reservoir of hormone TERM 33

Thyroid hormone response 4

DEFINITION 33 T3 is active in target cells Free T4 is converted to T TERM 34

Signal amplification

DEFINITION 34 One signal molecule results in multiple mRNA molecules mRNA molecules result in protein formation TERM 35

Physiological dose is small

DEFINITION 35 Pharmacological dose is orders of magnitude higher

Transduction:

convert the chemical signal on the PM to intracellular action TERM 37

4 steps to signal Transduction

DEFINITION 37 --First messenger (ligand) Transducer: activation of membrane receptor Second messengers (systems activated by membrane receptor) Response by target(s) TERM 38

Signal amplification

DEFINITION 38 --One signal molecule results in multiple second messengers Amplifier enzyme TERM 39

Rapid cellular response (enzyme pathways)

Types?

DEFINITION 39

  1. receptor channel 2. receptor enzyme 3. G-protein 4. integrin receptor TERM 40

actions of 2nd

messenger?

DEFINITION 40 1.open ion channels and 2. increases Ca++, 3.changes enzyme activity, 4.changesCa++ or enzyme control.

Antagonist:

binding blocks receptor and prevents response TERM 47

Effects of hormones are dependent on

concentration?

DEFINITION 47 Physiological concentration Pharmacological concentration Anabolic steroids TERM 48

Priming Effects:

Upregulation

DEFINITION 48 Small amounts of a hormone increase the sensitivity of the target cells to further hormone stimulation.Subsequent release of the hormone causes a greater response Mediated through an increase in receptors TERM 49

Desensitization: Downregulation

DEFINITION 49 Prolonged exposure to high concentrations decrease the sensitivity of the target cells to further hormone stimulation Subsequent exposure to the same concentration elicits a smaller response Mediated by a decrease in receptors TERM 50

How does the body prevent down regulation?

DEFINITION 50 Pulsatile secretion (through pulses)

Termination of Response

Many feedback mechanisms exist to turn off responses TERM 52

Neural Speed: "chap endocrine"

DEFINITION 52 neural control is faster (open ionchannel) but is also stopped faster TERM 53

endocrine speed:

DEFINITION 53 endocrine takes longer (and takes longer to stop) TERM 54

neural Specificity:

DEFINITION 54 Specificity: neural is more specific control TERM 55

endocrine specificity:

DEFINITION 55 endocrine hormones in blood, thus is more general (as long as the target has a receptor)

Associated organs

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Gonads, Thymus, Pineal gland, Heart, Liver, Adipose, and Kidneys TERM 62

speed of nerves

DEFINITION 62 Communication in 1/1000 of a second Effects can be reversed or modified almost instantaneously System is hardwired but can be modified TERM 63

speed of Hormones

DEFINITION 63 Communication in seconds, minutes, or hours Time needed to everse or modify effects Dependent on nervous system TERM 64

Prehormone

DEFINITION 64 molecule secreted by endocrine gland that is inactive until modified by the target cell Thyroxine TERM 65

Prohormones:

DEFINITION 65 precursors to polypeptide hormones ex: insulin

chemical classification of hormones

Amines, Polypeptides and protein,Glycoproteins, Steroids TERM 67

Amines

DEFINITION 67 Adrenal medulla, thyroid, pineal gland TERM 68

Polypeptides and proteins

DEFINITION 68 Polypeptides < 100 amino acids ex: Pituitary, pancreas.Proteins > 100 amino acids ex:Pituitary TERM 69

Glycoproteins

DEFINITION 69 Carbohydrate groups; pituitary TERM 70

Steroids

DEFINITION 70 Testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex

Neural stimulus

Nerve fibers release hormones (e.g., sympathetic ANS) TERM 77

Hormonal stimulus

DEFINITION 77 Hormones secreted in response to other circulating hormones TERM 78

Preoptic area controls? (in brain)

DEFINITION 78 parenting and sexual behaviors TERM 79

Anterior nucleus controls? (in brain)

DEFINITION 79 connections with the limbic system; visceral responses to emotional states and memory TERM 80

Dorsomedial nucleus controls? (in brain)

DEFINITION 80 Direct and indirect connections to the SNS and PSNS. and Connections to peripheral afferents nuclei to midbrain, brain stem, SNS

Posterior nucleus controls? (in brain)

Connects hypothalamic TERM 82

Mammillary bodies control? (in brain)

DEFINITION 82 Memory, limbic system TERM 83

Ventromedial nucleus controls? (in brain)

DEFINITION 83 Satiety center and"Hypothalamic rage TERM 84

what controls aggression?

DEFINITION 84 Amygdala (seretonin), lateral and medial hypothalamus TERM 85

what controls fear?

DEFINITION 85 Amygdala, hippocampus

what is SIADH?

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion TERM 92

What are the hypothalmic hormones?

DEFINITION 92 CRH, GnRH, PIH, TRH, GHRH and Somatostatin TERM 93

CRH does? (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone)

DEFINITION 93 Stimulates release of ACTH TERM 94

GnRH does? (Gonadotropin Releasing

Hormone)

DEFINITION 94 FSH, LH (ICSH) TERM 95

PIH does? (Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone)

DEFINITION 95 Dopamine, inhibits PRL release

TRH does? (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone)

Stimulates release of TSH TERM 97

GHRH does? (Growth Hormone Releasing

Hormone)

DEFINITION 97 Stimulates release of GH TERM 98

Somatostatin hormone does?

DEFINITION 98 Inhibits release of GH TERM 99

Pars Distalis hormones?

DEFINITION 99 are Trophic hormones, Suffix tropin to nourish, stimulates target to grow and secrete examples on next few slides TERM 100

Trophic Hormones

DEFINITION 100 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticotropin)