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Definitions and functions of various communication systems in the human body, including local and long-distance pathways, direct and indirect communication, hormones, neurotransmitters, and their messengers. It covers topics such as gap junctions, endocrine system, nervous system, autocrine and paracrine hormones, second messengers, and signal transduction.
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are; Gap junctions Contact-dependent signals Autocrine signals (same cell) Paracrine signals (adjacent cells) TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 Endocrine system Nervous system TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 Gap junctions Cellular contact/recognition TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 Chemical signals Electrical signals TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 Molecules
It depends on the signal itself. The target cell must have a receptor. TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 can diffuse through the PM to an intracellular receptor ex: Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 must have a receptor protein on the cell surface and utilize a second messenger Insulin, epinephrine, acetylcholine, glycoproteins (FSH, LH) TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 exert their effects near their cells of origin: histamine, slow- reacting substance (SRS-A), bradykinin, inflammatory response compounds TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 function at the intracellular level: cyclic nucleotides, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium, other ions
Exert effects over long distances Time period of effects is variable TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 released in the bloodstream and carried throughout the body; act at a distance with a target organ. TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 released into the interstitial space between tissues and exert their effect only on nearby cells. TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 target cell is the secretory cell itself TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 (hormones bind only to cells with receptors)
(high bond strength between hormone and receptor) TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 (limited number of receptors per cell) TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 convert a chemical signal to intracellular action Ligand Receptor Response TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 Lipophilic molecules can diffuse through membrane (receptor is in cytosol or nucleus) TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 Receptor channel Receptor-enzyme G protein-coupled receptor Integrin receptor
Carried in blood bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) Higher affinity for T TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 Almost all of T4 bound to TBG, T3 free in plasma T4 is reservoir of hormone TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 T3 is active in target cells Free T4 is converted to T TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 One signal molecule results in multiple mRNA molecules mRNA molecules result in protein formation TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 Pharmacological dose is orders of magnitude higher
convert the chemical signal on the PM to intracellular action TERM 37
DEFINITION 37 --First messenger (ligand) Transducer: activation of membrane receptor Second messengers (systems activated by membrane receptor) Response by target(s) TERM 38
DEFINITION 38 --One signal molecule results in multiple second messengers Amplifier enzyme TERM 39
DEFINITION 39
DEFINITION 40 1.open ion channels and 2. increases Ca++, 3.changes enzyme activity, 4.changesCa++ or enzyme control.
binding blocks receptor and prevents response TERM 47
DEFINITION 47 Physiological concentration Pharmacological concentration Anabolic steroids TERM 48
DEFINITION 48 Small amounts of a hormone increase the sensitivity of the target cells to further hormone stimulation.Subsequent release of the hormone causes a greater response Mediated through an increase in receptors TERM 49
DEFINITION 49 Prolonged exposure to high concentrations decrease the sensitivity of the target cells to further hormone stimulation Subsequent exposure to the same concentration elicits a smaller response Mediated by a decrease in receptors TERM 50
DEFINITION 50 Pulsatile secretion (through pulses)
Many feedback mechanisms exist to turn off responses TERM 52
DEFINITION 52 neural control is faster (open ionchannel) but is also stopped faster TERM 53
DEFINITION 53 endocrine takes longer (and takes longer to stop) TERM 54
DEFINITION 54 Specificity: neural is more specific control TERM 55
DEFINITION 55 endocrine hormones in blood, thus is more general (as long as the target has a receptor)
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Gonads, Thymus, Pineal gland, Heart, Liver, Adipose, and Kidneys TERM 62
DEFINITION 62 Communication in 1/1000 of a second Effects can be reversed or modified almost instantaneously System is hardwired but can be modified TERM 63
DEFINITION 63 Communication in seconds, minutes, or hours Time needed to everse or modify effects Dependent on nervous system TERM 64
DEFINITION 64 molecule secreted by endocrine gland that is inactive until modified by the target cell Thyroxine TERM 65
DEFINITION 65 precursors to polypeptide hormones ex: insulin
Amines, Polypeptides and protein,Glycoproteins, Steroids TERM 67
DEFINITION 67 Adrenal medulla, thyroid, pineal gland TERM 68
DEFINITION 68 Polypeptides < 100 amino acids ex: Pituitary, pancreas.Proteins > 100 amino acids ex:Pituitary TERM 69
DEFINITION 69 Carbohydrate groups; pituitary TERM 70
DEFINITION 70 Testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex
Nerve fibers release hormones (e.g., sympathetic ANS) TERM 77
DEFINITION 77 Hormones secreted in response to other circulating hormones TERM 78
DEFINITION 78 parenting and sexual behaviors TERM 79
DEFINITION 79 connections with the limbic system; visceral responses to emotional states and memory TERM 80
DEFINITION 80 Direct and indirect connections to the SNS and PSNS. and Connections to peripheral afferents nuclei to midbrain, brain stem, SNS
Connects hypothalamic TERM 82
DEFINITION 82 Memory, limbic system TERM 83
DEFINITION 83 Satiety center and"Hypothalamic rage TERM 84
DEFINITION 84 Amygdala (seretonin), lateral and medial hypothalamus TERM 85
DEFINITION 85 Amygdala, hippocampus
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion TERM 92
DEFINITION 92 CRH, GnRH, PIH, TRH, GHRH and Somatostatin TERM 93
DEFINITION 93 Stimulates release of ACTH TERM 94
DEFINITION 94 FSH, LH (ICSH) TERM 95
DEFINITION 95 Dopamine, inhibits PRL release
Stimulates release of TSH TERM 97
DEFINITION 97 Stimulates release of GH TERM 98
DEFINITION 98 Inhibits release of GH TERM 99
DEFINITION 99 are Trophic hormones, Suffix tropin to nourish, stimulates target to grow and secrete examples on next few slides TERM 100
DEFINITION 100 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticotropin)
